Old Man And The Sea And Other Stories Essays - American Literature

Elderly person And The Sea And Other Stories English: Book Report: Hemingway's Old Man And The Sea July 03, 1998 English Old Man and the Sea This piece of the story has to do with Santiago against nature and the ocean. In this piece of the story, he goes out and battles nature as awful powers and perilous animals, among them, a marlin, sharks and craving. He begins the story in a little rowboat and moves out in an excursion to catch a fish after a long losing dash of eighty-four days. Sadly his companion must abandon him because of this issue and a more prominent power, his folks. Santiago must go out into the risk alone. For three unforgiving days and evenings he battles a fish of tremendous force. This is the second type of nature he should prevail. Prior in the story, the initial segment of nature is himself, for which he should fend off his appetite. This is a brutal piece of the story. He oversees however to get a couple of nibbles through flying fish and dolphin of which he might want to have salt on. This piece of the story recounts a cold and cruel ocean, that is, one that has worth and puzzle just as death and threat. It has business esteem just as the number of inhabitants in life in it. It is dim and deceptive however, and consistently there is a test. A comparative story tells about a lagoon with life called 'Cannery Road'. This piece of the story needs to manage figures of Christ. It principally manages Santiago just like a figure of Christ and different characters as props, that is, characters which complete the type of scriptural topics. On the day preceding he leaves when he awakens, Manolin, his partner, goes to his guide with food and drink. Likewise a point that may be acceptable is that he has had misfortune with his objective for an extraordinary timeframe and is certain it will work this time. Afterward, however, when Santiago needs him for the journey he decides to do, Manolin deserts him, in spite of the fact that he might not have needed to right now. In the novel Santiago happens upon a power greater than his boat, the marlin which misdirects him out far past his proposed reach. This is the place he begins to lose his quality against something which appears to be a more prominent power. Santiago has a battle of three days, which is significent in light of the three days in Easter, and keeps on battling on however his objective may not aquire anything. This is another thought through which Christ did, a battle to complete an objective despite the fact that it might mean certain demolition to himself. This may achieve only the fulfillment of doing this and furthermore has incredible dangers. At last he happens upon an excruciating involvement in his grasp which is in incredible torment and won't move. This is valuable in where Christ loses his physical self and has less to manage. On the third day, he recoups himself and comes back to his home despite the fact that his lone residual fortune was a wrecked dinghy, experience, and a destroyed marlin. What's more, in the last end, you can see him hauling the pole of his dinghy, a cross-like article, in his grasp. This story has a specific succession of occasions, first it has a tracker versus his prey. This tracker regards th e prey. All through the book it has this arrangement of occasions: experience, fight, destruction, and regard for the prey. This is Hemmingway's 'Code of Honor'. This piece of the novel has to do with connections between two characters. The first to talk about are Santiago and Manolin, Manolin being the little devotee of the elderly person named Santiago. Manolin is a little individual that follows Santiago and tunes in to his shrewdness. They treat each other hostile however for Manolin calls the Santiago 'elderly person' and he calls Manolin 'kid' which is by all accounts crazy. In that circumstance I would consider them two to go see a specialist. The following relationship to discuss

Education policies Essay

Instruction is so significant in some random society. Hence, it shapes a significant piece of any government’s plans. The plans that any administration wishes to actualize as respects their instruction framework is controlled by existing approaches. Elements which impact detailing of arrangements structure the topic of this conversation. For systematic introduction, the article is separated into three parts specifically the presentation, the primary body and end. The presentation gives meanings of key terms utilized in the article just as calculated casing work, the fundamental body diagrams and talks about central point which affected instruction arrangements in African nations in the wake of accomplishing their freedom and in conclusion the decision makes a synopsis of the paper. 1. 1 Statement of paper reason This exposition targets talking about the components which affected instruction approaches in African nations after their accomplishment of freedom. The article will plot these components and later give an itemized conversation of each factor. 1. 2 Definitions of terms In request to make this conversation important, it is basic that meanings of key terms that are included are finished. The key terms engaged with the conversation are instruction, arrangement and freedom. The meanings of the terms are as given underneath Education. As per the United Nations Education, Scientific and Culture Organization (1975:1), training is characterized as â€Å"organised and continued correspondence intended to realize learning† Thus instruction in this setting includes a deep rooted process by which an individual is consolidated into the gathering and made fit for carrying on in the manners expected by the general public for a person of a specific age, sex or status. Instruction can happen officially, non officially and casually. In any case, in this setting the accentuation is on formal training. Policy A arrangement is characterized as a conscious strategy which is set up to manage choices and accomplish proposed results. Strategies vary from rules or laws. Rules or laws are set up to propel or disallow certain practices while arrangements direct activities towards wanted objectives. This conversation, be that as it may, centers around training approaches. Bartlett and Burton (2012:134), characterize a training strategy as the â€Å"rafts of laws and activities that decide the shape and working of instructive frameworks at both national and neighborhood levels. In this manner, training arrangements provide guidance to the working of instruction framework. Autonomy This is characterized as the opportunity from being represented or controlled by another nation. African nations in this conversation procured the opportunity to administer themselves from pilgrim pole 1. 3 Conceptual Framework Blackmore (1999), states that there are three models of arrangement making specifically well known interest, announcement and appointment models. This conversation will allude to these three models in laying out and examining the variables which impacted training strategies in African nations subsequent to accomplishing their freedom. These models are examined in detail underneath. (a) Popular Participation Policy making model. (b) In this model, everyone is allowed a chance to add to the plan of arrangements. Individuals in African nations were offered chances to make recommendations on changes to make to the instruction framework. For instance, Zambia’s instructive changes of 1977. (c) Decree Policy Making Model In this model, the head of state makes professions on the bearing to be followed in given instruction framework. (d) Delegation Policy Making Model This includes designating a commission to survey the instruction arrangement of a given nation. For instance the Onide Commission was designated to survey the instruction arrangement of Kenya in 1963. Arrangements are made regarding the discoveries of the commission. Section TWO 2. 0 Main Body This section traces and talks about the central point that affected instruction arrangements in African nations in the wake of accomplishing autonomy. These variables are as given and talked about beneath. Instruction for Economic Development The thought given to training as a significant vehicle for monetary advancement is one of the variables which impacted training approaches in African nations in the wake of accomplishing autonomy. Interest in formal training was considered as a fundamental precondition for monetary development. African nations took in exercises from created nations that a high essential foundation of instruction was an impetus to fast monetary turn of events. There was a conviction among creating nations that the modernisation, industrialisation and abundance of created nations were the immediate result of their instructive frameworks. Coombs (1970) contends that during the 1960s training in creating nations was viewed as a kind of scholarly yeast which would age and change pre modern social orders by advancing information, aptitudes and mentalities which were ideal for monetary and social turn of events. In this way, instruction strategies in African nations after the accomplishment of autonomy were aimed at advancing training ace vision extension so as to accomplish important turn of events. Truth be told a contention is progressed by Anderson (1965), that examination of proof from major created nations, for example, Britain, France, United States of America and Russia that all in all terms, a sift hold male education pace of 40 percent was required before there be any huge remove from monetary turn of events. To this end, African nations coordinated their strategies on instruction subsequent to achieving freedom towards expanded access to training so as to arrive at the required sift hold of proficiency. In this way, during the 1950s and 1960s, request and plans for interest in formal instruction by African nations expanded. Instruction was respected to be an important weapon in accomplishing financial development. To this end quick quantitative extension of the training framework turned into the request for the day in recently free African nations. Labor Shortages. In the wake of achieving autonomy, African nations were gone up against with lack of labor in different parts of the economy. Because of this situation, they encountered financial stagnation. Labor deficiencies were vigorously felt in specialized and administrative fields. In this manner, training arrangements in most African nations were coordinated towards settling the labor deficiencies experienced. This circumstance was clear from what gotten in Kenya. As Eshiwani (1993:26), watches ‘’at autonomy in 1963, Kenya wound up with a high lack of talented labor to run the economy. So as to take care of this issue, a commission was selected to exhort the legislature on the definition and understanding of national instructive strategies. † Therefore, it tends to be expressed that labor arranging in recently autonomous nations of Africa provided a guidance to the definition of instruction approaches. Subsequently, the administrations of recently autonomous nations of Africa saw it fundamental to extend the training frameworks of their nations so as to deliver more alumni from the instruction framework that would fill the labor holes which were knowledgeable about different segments of the economy. Generally specialized and administrative occupations at autonomy in most African nations were involved by outsiders. In this manner, the point of most African governments was to decolonise the instruction frameworks, produce more yield from auxiliary and advanced education so labor to partake in national improvement could be figured it out. Fafunwa (1974), Contends that instruction advancement in African nations like Nigeria was treated as a national crisis for the explanation of controling labor deficiencies in vital zones of the economy. So as to meet the necessities of labor in different areas of the economy, the arrangements of African nations after freedom were aimed at expanding school enrolments, particularly at the post essential level. Quick development of optional and advanced education was considered as a pre imperative for supportable financial development. Improving instruction as a fundamental human right Newly free African nations were gone up against with an assignment of giving to each kid their fundamental, basic right to training. The benevolent training that should have been given should be applicable to the kid in their African setting. Hence, most recently African nations had monstrous capital and repetitive spending plans towards the financing of essential instruction for all. The arrangement of training particularly at basic level to residents of recently free African nations was incited by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights where instruction is revered as an essential human right. As Bishop (1989:1), hypothesizes, â€Å"Everyone has the privilege to instruction. Training will be free in any event in the basic and basic stages. Rudimentary training will be obligatory. Specialized and proficient instruction will be made commonly accessible and advanced education will be similarly available to all based on merit. †Therefore, from the previous, recently free African nations were constrained to give training particularly essential instruction on the grounds of human equity and value. The recently free African nations should consider essential training as the claim of each kid. This was because of the way that training was viewed as a successful method to give all kids paying little mind to sex or family foundation an equivalent beginning throughout everyday life. Moreover, the administration of recently autonomous African nations believed instruction to be the extraordinary equalizer that would assist with narrowing the wide incongruities which were clear in states of living in country and urban networks. Prior to the fulfillment of autonomy, instruction in most African nations was a save for the tip top. So as to address this, African pioneers rolled out radical improvements to their instruction frameworks to make the

Write a Book Review Quickly and Easily

Compose a Book Review Quickly and Easily Book Review Writing Your companions, family members, individual understudies, and others you know or don't realize will positively need to get familiar with your feeling about some book. You don't really need to state that you cherished it. Your undertaking is to be straightforward and reasonable making decisions about the nature of book composing, its plot and subject. Recollect that your perusers will utilize the data you give to choose if they need to peruse the chose book. On the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea how to compose a book audit, envision that your companion requests to give him a recommendation. You have to tell your companion on the off chance that it merits perusing some book. Follow the tips underneath to make the entire procedure simpler for you:The first sentences of your work ought to portray the point, subject, and plot of the book. Try not to go into such a large number of subtleties. Try not to retell the story. Try not to mention to the peruser what occurs at lo ng last. Keep the climate of inadequacy and make a baffling sense that will draw perusers consideration and make them read your audit. Presently the time has come to state what you enjoyed about the book and why. Offer your sentiments and impressions. Use proof from the book to legitimize your choices. Who was the character you preferred the most? What was the key occasion that you recalled from the book? Which scenes you accept were especially vivid? What were the most splendid emotions you encountered while perusing the story? Did you have an inclination that you were unable to quit understanding it? Presently you can say if there is anything you didn't care for about the book. Remember to give reasons. You should state why precisely you disdained the book and incorporate literary proof to help your cases. For instance, did you wish the finish of the story was progressively unmistakable and clear to the peruser? Did you feel that the creator was not exhaustive enough building up some character or scene? Did you notice that the occasions in the story were befuddled? Is it that you neglected to catch the shrouded message of the book? Sum up the key pointsWrap up your contention. Incorporate a few proposals for the perusers you accept will like the book. On the off chance that you don't suggest it, express your reasons. Be clear and legit. Be reasonable and objective. Are there any better choices for the individuals who love perusing? It is constantly a smart thought to rank the nature of the book you have audited. For instance, you can rank it as 6.5 out of 10. Your perusers will know promptly on the off chance that you like or aversion this story.

The Paper Talks About An Economic Analysis Of The Company - 275 Words

The Paper Talks About An Economic Analysis Of The Company (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionDateEconomicsCapital budgeting is a managerial planning process that is used to determine whether long term investments like new plants or machinery are worth the funding. This is achieved by forming different capitalization structure. The strategy adopted by the management in allocation of scarce resources to the huge capital investment is crucial in management planning. Capital budgeting seeks at increasing the value of the company by the wealth of the shareholders. Different project evaluation techniques are used to examine the viability of each project before deciding on which project to invest and which to forego. Some of the project appraisal techniques include payback period, net present value measure, profitability index, internal rate of return, accounting rate of return and annuity method. Microwavable frozen meals examples are Kashi and Lean Cuisine and offer diet solution to many busy individuals and are the leading producers of these types of foods (Aldred et al, 2012). All the companies have a similar trait of the product type, the nutritional value of the meals produced, and the products price. Recent research indicates that the two companies have been suffering from a decline in the market share thereby a reduction in the overall sales. A decline in sales has reduced the overall revenue made by the companies thereby affecting their annual cash flow. To avert this problem, the companies may be forced to change the approaches used in the sales department by selling their products on a competitive pricing model (Aldred et al, 2012).Lean cuisine producer, The Nestle Company, is experiencing a decline in the overall profit due to market contraction experienced in the industry. To avert this, the company started a new product that had natural ingredients and little preservatives. The contraction of the market in the industry has been attributed to the production of products that contain high levels of preservatives with little or no natural ingredients. Opting to produce more natural products will reduce the use of preservatives resulting to a fall in the cost of production. The strategy coupled with increased investment in the line of production of the brand will avert the detrimental effects on the market. The investment in the line of production will ensure that the customers who shied away from the previous product are reached and access the new product. When all these strategies are fully implemented, the companies will experience a performance boost and an increase in the profits.The two companies are predominant in the market and this indicates characteristics of a monopolistic market. It is therefore prudent to adopt different measures to increase the overall profit in the market. The strategies to be adopted include product differentiation. In order to maintain the current market share, strategic planning is essential in both companies. In the planning the management should seek to reduce the overall price, providing unique product different from the normal in the market and product differentiation. To ensure the success of the new product, the company should invest heavily in research and development plan. The product should be produced cheaply and at the same time offer maximum utility to the consumers. Reducing the cost of production should not in any way compromise on the quality of the product. Price reduction in monopolistic competition market may be detrimental to the firm due to the homogeneity of the products in the market. Managers should opt increasing the scope of product reach by distributing in many stores. This can also be achieved by massive investment in advertisement and creating product awareness. Lowering the price of low-calorie foods is a viable option for the firms without the financial muscles. (Chandon, Wansink, 2007). To assist in the case analysis, lets us the US foods market. There has been an increasing popularity in healthy menu, but th e people are not necessarily eating healthy foods. For example, despite the numerous efforts to campaign to eat healthy, there have been numerous cases of obese Americans. According to Chandon and Wansink (2007), from 1991 to 2001, obese adults proportion in the U.S increased from 23% to 31%. Consequently, increasing the prices of the low-calorie foods might cause diminished demand, irrespective of other control measures (Chandon, Wansink, 2007).Whenever companies do their business, they are always influenced by the government policies. The policies affect the business directly or indirectly on the production and employment. The impact of the policies is felt on the supply and prices of the products. when the prices are affected, there is an impact on the dietary patterns of the individuals. Cost of production is directly related to the cost of raw materials and the government taxes on production. These production costs directly relate to the retail prices that determine the respons e of the community due to price sensitivity characteristic of the customers thus influencing the consumers preferences. Though the changes in the production pattern, the impact may not be felt on the dietary choices of the individuals. These regulations include federal pricing, marketing orders and minimum quality standards usually carried out through extensive inspections. (Piketty, Ganser, 2014). The policies that the government formulates directly the types of production by the companies. The quality management, and production requirement may be affected by the policies. Setting standards for the product may increase the cost of production. When a company wants to bridge the gap between the expected sale and the projected amounts can be achieved by marketing orders. Quality management is a key role by the government and every business should seek at maintaining a favorable environment. The set quality fuels the businesses to constantly improve that can be achieved by research an d product development. This aspect then increases the cost of operations and capital investment which depicts the stability of the company. (Dobbs et al, 2010)Government involvement in ensuring the quality of low-calorie microwavable products is essential since the products are under highly regulated food processor. Food safety can only be assured by regulating the technology used. All the attempts by the government are aimed at protecting the public from manipulation. The packaging and branding of the products should ensure that the information available is clear and precise about the safety. Aggressive inspection by the government agencies in all the companies ensures fairness to all the parties involved. The regulation should ensure there is proper food handling techniques. Due to the increase in the companies offering microwavable products, there has been a price war. While the price war goes on, the government should be in the centre of all as the regulator to protect people fr om inferior products. With this fast growing sector, the Food Standards Agency has contributed significantly in governance by use of stringent policies and regulations. (Aldred et al, 2012). The government is involved in the production sector to ensure that companies conform to the set standards. Food security will be achieved by checking into the production techniques by firms. The government wants to protect the consumers from exploitation by the producers. All companies are required to give correct details regarding products and not to compromise on quality. (Chandon, Wansink, 2007)Many low-calories microwavable companies are experiencing fast growth and therefore there is need to adopt the use of technology. Some of the complexities include capital appraisal. The ever changing technology requires constant funding from the cash flows. In order to protect the company from losing revenue, it is prudent to utilize low capital technologies and at the same time maintaining the quality of the food. (Dobbs et al, 2010). The pricin...

A List of Some Medical Specialties - 1407 Words

GASTROENTEROLOGIST Gastroenterologist is also a sub-specialty of internal medicine .a gastroenterologist deals with digestive system problems. They diagnose and treat disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. †¢ ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) — a procedure to detect disorders in the ducts such as narrowing, gallstones, blockages, tumors and cysts. An ERCP combines the use of X-rays and endoscope — a long, flexible, lighted tube. The endoscope is advanced through the mouth and into the small bowel to view the common opening to the ducts from the liver and pancreas. A contrast material is injected into the ducts so they can be seen on X-rays. Additional instruments are used to remove stones and or other†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Schobers test tests the flexion of the lower back. †¢ Multiple joint inspection †¢ Musculoskeletal Examination o Screening Musculoskeletal Exam - a rapid assessment of structure and function o General Musculoskeletal Exam - a comprehensive assessment of joint inflammation o Regional Musculoskeletal Exam - focused assessments of structure, function and inflammation combined with special testing REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGIST A reproductive endocrinologist is a type of medical doctor who specializes in treating people with reproductive disorders. Many infertile couples choose to see a reproductive endocrinologist when deciding upon fertility treatments. It is a reproductive endocrinologists job to identify factors involved in your infertility and appropriate methods with which to treat these factors. A reproductive endocrinologist is trained to manage a number of different problems related to the reproductive system. Reproductive endocrinologists deal with: †¢ hormonal disorders †¢ menstrual problems †¢ infertility †¢ pregnancy loss †¢ sexual dysfunction †¢ menopause Treatments Reproductive endocrinologists can perform a wide variety of treatments for infertility. If you are facing infertility, your reproductive endocrinologistShow MoreRelatedMy Journey Of Clinical Medicine784 Words   |  4 PagesAs I walked onto the medical floor in a white coat, I experienced a flood of emotions and suddenly found myself travelling very quickly down memory straits. The joy of providing care to patients and families always hung on and the desire to practice medicine was never lost. Having invested time and effort getting to know myself better, I have come to a place where I am more certain than I have ever been of my deepest inner conviction of giving to the human course, the sustenance of life. 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Job Satisfaction as Well as How It Influence Job- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theJob Satisfaction as Well as How It Influence Job Turnover. Answer: Introduction The impacts of job pleasure on workers turnover are fundamental component towards the success of different organizations that operate in the global business community. Job satisfaction within a company can be achieved through several methods that are different in nature (Wickramasinghe, 2010). The major effects of job satisfaction on job turnover is essential to the society as it targets to find out different approaches that are essential in motivating employees to stay within an organization for long duration. Cases of job satisfaction help in reducing cases of resigning of employees to seek employment in different organizations. Therefore, the reason for this investigative paper is to investigate the connection between work fulfillment and the worker turnover. Content of Literature Review Definition Job pleasure Job pleasure refers to how satisfied a person becomes in regard to their assigned job. It is the pleasurable enthusiastic state from the evaluation of an individual occupation as accomplishing or encouraging the achievement of value of job by an individual (Poon, 2004). Job pleasure among employee in the operations shave become the driving force of different operations of organizations around the global marketplaces. Job turnover Intentions of turnover remain to be an individuals behavioral attitude to leave their place of work voluntarily. It is the choice made by most workers to terminate their commitment to working with a given organization without being fired by the management or receiving any interdiction notice. Cases of turnover within operations of organizations remain to be an exercise that makes operations to be company as they seek to recruit and employee new workers for replacement. Job Turnover in General Research There are several factors that lead to cases of job turnover that are more than the negative relationship with people in an organization and payment among other factors (Manish et al., 2008). Therefore, job turnover in most cases has persisted to be a significant concern in operations of most companies. There are several reasons why employee turnover remains to increase among activities of different business organizations. Some of these reasons comprise of increase charges of services, the decline in rates of production, reduction in the amount of revenue that a company earns, and poor management among other reasons (Chen et al., 2004). However, job satisfaction has the most significant impact on employee turnover in most companies around the global business community. Job Turnover (dependent Variable) in specific area of study Job turnover on operations of business corporations have been emphasized mainly in different research work since it has huge effects on job performance, firm performance, along with improved customers perception of high service leading to reduced cases of job turnover (Tian-Foreman, 2009). Job turnover in human resource has the critical influence on performance among employees as more top cases of satisfaction tends to mitigate intention of the employee willing to leave work voluntarily. Relationship of Job turnover (Dependent Variable) and job pleasure (Independent Variable) In general The present global competition in the marketplace, changing needs of targeted as well as esteem clients, the impact of technological advancements, along with globalization in the changing business settings, employment turnover with job satisfaction continue to be vital in operations of businesses. Lee et al., (2016) defined the job satisfaction as an extent to which an individual presents happiness with his job and devotes enthusiastically to carry out optimum level for the associated responsibility. For this, there should be work engagement and turnover intention between the management and employees to improve the job satisfaction. The supervisors should have lower turnover intention and higher work engagement with their subordinates. Every commitment of employee in the operation shave becomes the driving force of different organizations in international markets. Advantages of job satisfaction on operations of business corporations have been emphasized mainly in different research w ork since it has the positive effect on job performance, firm performance, along with improved customers perception of high service leading to reduced cases of job turnover. According to Tian-Foreman (2009), job satisfaction in human resource has the critical influence on job turnover among employees as more top cases of satisfaction tends to mitigate intention of the employee willing to leave work voluntarily. Therefore, commitment of employees to operations remains to reduce cases of turnover since it forms the general expression that improves positive attitudes of the structure of employees towards their actions. In a Specific area of study Maintaining proper interrelation among several stakeholders stays to be the critical aspect that determines the performance of the organization. As illustrated by Lee Li (2017), most investigations have reported that employee commitments are the mediating factor that exists between organizational practices along with job satisfaction in delivering necessary services to customers. There are several effects of job satisfaction on job satisfaction around operations of different business organizations. Huang et al., (2017), stated that job satisfaction has the huge impact on the reduction of cases of employee turnover since it ensures that only the right employees are recruited as well as retained in the operations of an organization. The positive impact of job satisfaction on the productivity of employees tends to justify the time and expenses involved with the creation of a pleasant working place that helps in reducing cases of job turnover among workers. Different factors that come w ith job satisfaction like reduced costs of operations increased production rates, and increased business profits decrease cases of job turnover among employees. Synthesis of the Literature Review Job satisfaction enhances the accountability of employees when they are recruited to support operations of a given business organization. The idea of making employees responsible makes them be able to feel satisfied with their job. Accordance to presentation by Poon (2004), relationships about employee turnover with job satisfaction with their jobs in different organizations have been the subject of a significant amount of empirical study, and still, there seems little agreement concerning the unexpected connections amid these two vital attitudes of employees. The need to understand such attitudes remains to be significant merely because they have the essential influence on the performance of the organization (Cheng et al., 2004). Hence, most employees feel more empowered when they are responsible for different operations. The idea of being responsible enables most employees to explore more empowered to affect the manner that they operate to attain the companies set objectives and mi ssion in every business setting. The improvement of employees commitments by ensuring that all their needs are met while they engage their energies to achieve companies objectives help in reducing cases of turnover. According to Huang Su (2016), job loyalty helps in providing that there is a mental state along with illustrated associations of workers with the organization for which they operate. Job loyalty increases the satisfaction of employees by influencing decisions of employees to remain with the organization for the long duration. Tian-Foreman (2009) reported that employee satisfaction positively correlated with the loyalty of workers to their organizations. Therefore, there exist constructive associations amid jobs satisfactions along with allegiance of employees that make them remain on working in a given organization for the extended period. According to study by Ramalho et al., (2018), creations of ideal practices that focus on supervisory backing affect intentions of employees turnover in different ways. Companies that have supervisors that encourage workers to attain company objective remain to be effective in ensuring that every issue that affects operations of workers are addressed in an ideal approach. Lee Li (2017) indicated that companies that forms physical along with psychological encouragement given by the employer who values the contribution of workers help in promoting their development. Organizations, where supervisors are not involved in an evaluation of employees performance, tend to remain to have declined in job satisfaction among employees and most employees always opt to resign or leave work without notice of the company managers. Critical Review It is evident that job satisfaction has huge impact on cases of employees turnover while they operate in different business corporations around the global community. Therefore, various companies need to concentrate on improving their operations to make employees satisfies with their jobs for them to concentrate on performing their duties without considering to resign from their operations. From the discussion, it is clear that job turnover primarily relies on the capacities of different management of companies in human resource departments to improve their job satisfaction among employees. Therefore, it is necessary for most companies to improve their operations on reinforcing the right behavior, engaging workers on the process of making decisions and developing supervisory support team to enhance job satisfaction among employees that in turn make employees stay in a given company without considering resigning from their operations. References Andrews C. M., Michele Kacmar, K., Kacmar, C. (2014). The mediational effect of regulatory focus on the relationships between mindfulness and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International, 19(5), 494-507. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-02-2014-0018 Chen, T., Chang, P., Yeh, C. (2004). A study of career needs, career development programs, job satisfaction and the turnover intentions of RD personnel. Career Development International, 9(4), 424-437. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13620430410544364 Huang, S., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Zhou, L. (2017). Job satisfaction and turnover intention in China. Chinese Management Studies, 11(4), 689-706. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-12-2016-0263 Huang, W., Su, C. (2016). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between job training satisfaction and turnover intentions. Industrial And Commercial Training, 48(1), 42-52. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-04-2015-0029 Lee Boxu, X., Li, W. (2017). The influence factors of job satisfaction and its relationship with turnover intention: Taking early-career employees as an example. Anales De Psicologa, 33(3), 697. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238551 Manish K., Hemang J., Ashish R., Sandeep S. (2018). Managerial support for development and turnover intention: Roles of organizational support, work engagement and job satisfaction, Journal Of Organizational Change Management, 31(1), 135-153. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-06-2017-0232 Poon, J. (2004). Effects of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Personnel Review, 33(3), 322-334. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480410528850 Ramalho Luz, C., Luiz de Paula, S., de Oliveira, L. (2018). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and their possible influences on intent to turnover. Revista De Gesto, 25(1), 84-101. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rege-12-2017-008 Tian?Foreman, W. (2009). Job satisfaction and turnover in the Chinese retail industry. Chinese Management Studies, 3(4), 356-378. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506140911007503 Wickramasinghe, V. (2010). Impact of time demands of work on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 3(3), 246-255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538291011093820

The Cinematic Signifier

Introduction Christian Metz was a very important film theorist who made a significant contribution to the art of cinema by his theories on cinema studies. He defines the cinematic signifier through a thorough analysis of the imaginary signifier. This is a broad topic that he set out to analyze in order to explain the elements that affect and greatly influence the art of cinema. He used a psychoanalytical approach to cinema studies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cinematic Signifier specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He explains it as an imaginary factor, which is meant to replace or account for the fact that there is an absence of elements. These elements are time and space which are made transparent by the imagination. In this topic, the main emphasize will be on desire as a necessity, spectator identification which focuses on semantics and identification with both the camera and the characters. The cinematic signifier is an imaginary element that is absent, but despite its lack, its realization is still evident. Desire as a commodity Metz analyses the cinematic signifier from the viewpoint of the Freudian aspect on desires. These desires he believes when incorporated together make a combined set of aspects that are different from other art forms. This element must be well understood before the cinematic signifier can be dwelt on. Desire for the ego He views the cinema signifier as perceptual. This is because it stimulates more senses than any other art form. The sense of sight is satisfied by the fact that it is a visual medium. Everything we see from the shots, actors, actions and scenes is visual. This is the biggest sense that cinema aims at satisfying as this can go a long way in ensuring ones cinematic experience has been realized. The sense of hearing is because of the fact that it relies on the aspect of sound. Sound has gone through various stages of evolution in relation to ci nema. This is from the silent era to the other periods that saw the necessity of other aspects of sound. Sound plays a crucial role in influencing perception. The incorporation of sound is in the dialogue, sound effects and choice of music. This is an advantage that cinema has over other art forms. It can simulate the senses as opposed to the different art forms that stimulate one sense e.g. Music relies on the sense of hearing whereas reading relies on sight.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An important difference between cinema and other art forms such as theatre or the opera is the time and place factor. Despite the fact that these art forms are also perceptual that is stimulating the same senses i.e. Visual and auditory such as cinema they take place within real space and time. The actions and dialogue are all performed in front of the audience at the same time the performanc e is taking place. In cinema, this is different as the actual content is recorded at a different time and location and then shown to the audience through a screen. The audience does not get to see what is unfolding at first hand. Cinema in a way can also stimulate the other three senses of smell, taste and touch. Taste can be brought out in the way the food is made to look. The use of things like colour, presentation and even the actions and words of a spectator can bring out this sense. Smell can be brought out through the words, actions and facial expressions of the characters. The sense of touch can be communicated to the spectator through how the surface looks i.e., if it is smooth or rough or through the words, actions and emotions of the spectators. Cinema can be used to bring out all these senses despite the fact that it is not happening in real space and time. He also argues that the perceived is not the reality but acts as a kind of mirror to it and this aspect is unique to it in comparison to the different field of arts. He uses the example of a child held up to a mirror in which the child comprehends his or herself as being held by the mother who he describes as â€Å"its object per excellence.†This leads to the child to perceive his or her identity, which makes the child to form an ego. The difference, however, between cinema and this deduction is that cinema is not an actual perception of the person. The viewers’ personal experience is not the centre of attention. The viewer instead relates to something different that is governed by aspects that in a way are close to reality. It is a mirror to a different reality. The second desire achieved through cinema is the desire to desire. This refers to the passion to perceive. Most art forms utilize this factor of distance. E.g. In music it is received at a distance in relation to where it was recorded and where it is heard, even in theatre the performance is at a distance from the audience. This element of distance is explored by these art forms, but what stands out is the element of lack.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cinematic Signifier specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since what is portrayed in the films is taken from real objects, which existed in a different time and space the spectator is still in a way removed from them. Despite the lack of the actual immediate experience, the spectator still gets to perceive what is contained in the final product hence still receiving the full experience. This desire is associated with voyeurism. The third desire is the desire for an object, which is satisfied by fetishism. This is in the fact that the audience knows what they are viewing is not real but they still want to watch it. That is why it is important to make the spectacle as real as possible through factors like the unfolding of events. They audience is aware that the characters, plot and s tory is fictional. They are aware that what they are seeing is not real but they knowingly filter out this factor so as perceive what is before them as real. (McCabe, 1974) He views the spectator as an artificial construct. This is because cinema can be used to bring out or make certain effects in the viewer such as causing some emotions in the spectator. The courses of renunciation as well as refutation are the procedures that are considered vital in the apprehension of the need. The film spectator exists in a state that is dreamlike. The spectator at one point believes that the story, plot and characters are real. This is still considered despite the fact that the spectator is fully aware that it is just a movie. This he attributes to disavowal. This he compares with fetishism and the castration anxiety of a child. Freud described disavowal as â€Å"a way of the subject refusing to acknowledge reality due to a traumatic event or other factors associated with it† (McCabe, 19 74, p.44). This explanation is on child development. When a child perceives that the mother does not have a penis, he gets a fear of being castrated. The child believes that at one time, the mother also had a penis but due to reasons that he cannot comprehend has lost it. This gives the boys a fear of castration. The boy will then develop a way of forgetting what he has seen to deal with the trauma, and this can lead to the development of a fetish to try to cover up the trauma.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This realization of a lack of in the child will make the child to develop two opinions. This factor is what Metz puts as the spectators ability to have two different experiences. In one the spectator knows that what he or she is seeing is fiction, while in the other case the spectator believes that what he or she sees on screen is real. Metz believes that for a good cinematic experience to be realized there must be back and forth shifting of consciousness and belief. Cinema as a technique of the imaginary Cinema has characteristics that are capitalistic and in line with the social industrialized epoch. The capitalistic aspect being that film relies on pictures and sounds this he describes as photography and the use of a phonograph. These he sums as the factors that are combined to lure ones ego and eventually end up satisfying ones desires. Cinema depends on key areas for its realization. These are the cinema industry, which is the recording of films to make profits, and the audienc es desire to watch movies. The second characteristic dwells on the necessity and aim of film, which is to satisfy the viewers’ desires. The cinema industry serves to finance a film as well as to research and modify various areas to satisfy the needs, taste and to bring something different to the spectators. This leads to the production of good films through the coordination and understanding between these sides hence making sure that the moviegoers continue to go to the cinema halls. The cinema writers, film historians, theorists and critics also contribute and influence a lot on cinema. Spectator identification with the camera The spectator identifies with the device that projects the image on the screen, which is the projector, the camera and lastly the screen. Metz stated, â€Å"The projector in context just duplicates the act of perception† (Metz, 1982, p.54). Vision has projective characteristics and characteristics that one acquires subconsciously, the spectator projects what he or she sees and then the data is translated back in a way that the spectator feels. Cinema just serves to duplicate this experience; the screen just records what is seen. Metz sums this up with the statement that the spectator is the projector receiving the information, the spectator is also the screen, and with the combination of these, the spectator is the camera, which is pointed and still recording. (Metz, 1982) Metz argues that the spectator identifies with the camera to a big extent. The spectator is in a way not in the screen but the fact that he or she is watching it and perceives it the cinematic signifier is realized. Spectators when watching a film become so focused in the film that they may not even be aware of themselves. This makes one identify with the camera completely. The cameras movements become the spectators’ movements. When the camera pans to the left, the spectator moves to the left and when it pans to the right so does the spectator. T he tracking shots also become the spectators’ movements and turns. Using different camera angles and movements, the spectator can be made to either be present or absent in the film. Spectator identification with the character Though the spectator knows what is unfolding before him or her is fictional, a feeling or form of connection is still made between the spectator and the character. The spectator connects with the character emotionally even when the character is not at the same place and time. The characters feelings become the spectators. The emotions shared become mutual between them. When the character is happy the viewer is also happy, when the character is sad the viewer also becomes sad and so on. This can only be realized through self-identification of the viewer first due to perception then after the spectator gets to identify with what is on the screen before identifying with the character (Lacan, 1989). Psychoanalysis, structure and the linguistic theory Metz ad opted a lot from the field of semiotics. He focused on how cinema can be used to signify or make the spectator to come up with meaning. The process of signifying depends on certain aspects which are mostly material signifiers these include images, words, titles, music in line with connotative and denotative meanings. He referred to the signifying practice as the way stories were told in movies. He evaluated cinematic equivalents that could be used to stand in for language and this made him to define codes that he believed worked in cinema. In order to understand text one has to break down these codes of signification or the meaning would be lost (Rushton, 2009). The different camera angles and shots also have various meanings, as a shot can serve to communicate meaning to the viewer, whether they know it or not. E.g. a close up can be used to highlight an important element that is being focused on in the film (Lapsey, 1989). Metz states that the analysis of cinema from a linguistic or semiotic angle is possible as it can be used to communicate. However, He maintained that in the language of cinema there is no intercommunication. There is uni-articulation and it is a replication of reality as opposed to the unmotivated arbitrary relationship between the signifier and the signified. The language of cinema comprises of both words and other smaller units. The smaller units are meant to bring meaning to the overall message or signification. Lapsey stated, â€Å"The narrative syntax is divided into eight parts ranging from the smallest segment to the largest part, which is the sequence† (Lapsey, 1989, p.37). Dreams and Fantasy This is focused upon in line with desire because although a spectator should always perceive the difference between a film, and dream, daydream and fantasy this aspect is important as through this desire the cinematic signifier is realized. Conclusion The imaginary signifier is what Christian Metz used in the understanding of the cinema tic signifier. He stresses on points such as identification, perception, lack and other factors in the understanding of the cinematic signifier. He describes and analyses the need for the element of desire as an important aspect in cinema. He focuses on the three types of desires. The first one is the desire for the ego, which is perceptual and is analyzed from the viewpoint of the characteristic of cinema of satisfying the sense of sight and hearing at the same time. The second desire he dwells on is the desire to desire. This is when the spectator overlooks the fact that there is the element of lack in the film and instead just enjoys it. The third is the desire for an object. The spectator experiences this through the fact that despite he or she knows that what is being viewed is not true in a way he or she still gets to enjoy it and perceive in some instances as if it is true. The role of the film industry as a whole makes a big contribution to cinema. The spectator gets to iden tify with both the camera as a medium and the characters on screen largely. Cinema relies on the use of signs; different things are put in a scene to mean different things. The use of semiotics has been used and is evident through the careful analysis of the titles, words etc. The absence of time and space is an important aspect in the study of the cinematic signifier. The cinematic signifier is a key element in the study of cinema. References Lacan, J 1989, Ecrits: a selection, Routledge, London. Lapsey, R 1989, Psychoanalysis in film theory: an introduction, Manchester University Press, Manchester. McCabe, C 1974, From realism and cinema, Longman , New York. Metz, C 1982, The imaginery signifier, Macmillan, London. Rushton, R 2009, Film, theory and philosophy, Acumen, Durham. This essay on The Cinematic Signifier was written and submitted by user Laylah Reilly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Humorous Quotes on Love and Marriage

Humorous Quotes on Love and Marriage Poking fun at love or marriage can be a dangerous proposition when youre making a joke in the presence of your loved one. Humor is like spice: the right amount can make a delicacy out of a bland meal. The key is the right amount. Use a humorous quote to season your words with the right amount of humor. Even then, be prepared to duck, apologize, and eat your words. At least, youll be able to attribute them to someone else. Thyra Smater Winsolow Platonic love is love from the neck up. Lily Tomlin If love is the answer, could you please rephrase the question? Woody Allen Love is the answer, but while youre waiting, sex raises some pretty good questions. Unknown Love is telling someone to go to hell and worrying about them getting there safely. Rogers Willson It doesnt much signify whom one marries, for one is sure to find out next morning it was someone else. Edgar Watson Howe A woman might as well propose: her husband will claim she did. John Updike Every marriage tends to consist of an aristocrat and a peasant. Frank Zappa I detest love lyrics. I think one of the causes of bad mental health in the United States is that people have been raised on love lyrics. Bill Cosby For two people in a marriage to live together day after day is unquestionably the one miracle the Vatican has overlooked. Honorà © de Balzac Great love affairs start with Champagne and end with tisane. Ray Bandy Honeymoon: A short period of doting between dating and debating. Johnny Carson I know youve been married to the same woman for 69 years. That is marvelous. It must be very inexpensive. H. L. Mencken To be in love is merely to be in a state of perceptual anesthesia - to mistake an ordinary young man for a Greek god or an ordinary young woman for a goddess. David Bissonette I recently read that love is entirely a matter of chemistry. That must be why my wife treats me like toxic waste. Beverly Nichols Marriage: a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and the remaining chapters written in prose. Henry Louis Mencken Bachelors know more about women than married men; if they didnt, theyd be married too. Helen Rowland When you see what some girls marry, you realize how they must hate to work for a living. Anonymous Theyre almost inseparable. Sometimes it takes ten people to separate them. Anonymous If love is blind, why is lingerie so popular? Lord Dewar Love is an ocean of emotions entirely surrounded by expenses. Helen Rowland A man snatches the first kiss, pleads for the second, demands the third, takes the fourth, accepts the fifth†¦ and endures all the rest. Helen Rowland In olden times, sacrifices were made at the altar, a practice which is still very much practiced. Anonymous Love is one long, sweet dream and marriage is the alarm clock.

E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

E-Commerce - Essay Example Considering the business nature of Whalen Clean and Tidy which provides cleaning services to local office buildings, setting up a website to targeted audience could involve extensive online marketing approach to gain both offline and online visibility. Since this kind of business is not that much common, the site to be created needs to be noticed by customers. To do this marketing, we can apply these approaches: Search Engine Placement and SEO – Search engine is a standard way to find any Internet site and of which includes online shopping sites. A large number of online shoppers utilizes online search engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo!, MSN, etc.) to find their products, services and any desired information about a thing. Conventional Advertising – this may include advertising in TV, newspapers, etc. Using this type of advertising may not seem soothing with the Internet address as its statement. Apparently, still online business recommends this traditional way. Exchange Links – Outbound links from other relevant site referrals can boost you search engine rankings and exposure. Links are included on a variety of other sites with a variety of deals being done. It is also important to consider the website usability; this should conform to the web standards which will allow customers browse the site with ease. Order processing should also be processed online, orders or bookings for cleaning services which is basically linked with a back-office system. Payments for booking can be done on different modes – cash, check, or credit cards. Considering payment processing and posting bookings, security is now a primary concern since online payments are offered. This ensures customers that the transaction online will be secured and confidential. This will help them increase trust and confidence in doing business with you. The necessity of these elements is of high

Crucifixion in the Roman Empire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crucifixion in the Roman Empire - Research Paper Example Thereafter, the cross, along with the convict, was erected vertically on the ground and it remained in that position until after the criminal was confirmed dead. However, it is believed that some of the crosses were fixed permanently on the ground to serve as a constant reminder to the passersby and local inhabitants that death by crucifixion was the ultimate destiny for criminals (Hewitt, 1932). Death through crucifixion is a slow process and as such, it took a long time, depending on the health of the victim, for it to be achieved. It is claimed that some of the persons remained alive for more than 2 days while others succumbed to death in a matter of hours. However, it is notable that some of the guards assigned with the task of crucifying and guarding the convict utilized several tactics to hasten the death and to reduce the chances of the convict surviving the ordeal (Hengel, 1989). For example, before crucifixion, these guards ensured that the convict was weakened through harsh beatings concentrated on weak points such as the chest, the head, and limb joints among others, which subjected the criminal to low chances of survival even if the process was abandoned half way. In addition, the guards facilitated a quick and painful death by ensuring that while nailing the victim, the nails went through major bones on the legs, tibia and fibula, to break them thereby weakening the functioning of the body. Some of the texts also suggest that, due to the weakness of the palm flesh to sustain the weight of the body, there is a logical reason to believe that the nails on the hands were driven through the radius and the ulna, which are the two major bones that connect the palms to the elbow joints. Otherwise, the only other possibility was to increase support by tying the nailed hands to the cross (Tzaferis, 1985). It is also evident that Roman executioners hastened the death of the victim by spearing him in the chest. One of the major historical and biblical figures to die in the hands of Roman executioners through crucifixion was Jesus, who was crucified for treason. Jesus was perceived as a threat to the leadership of the roman emperor, Tiberius Caesar, by claiming that he was the king of the Jews and that there was another greater kingdom than the Roman empire, which belonged to his father. He was also accused of blasphemy due to his claims that he was the son of God yet he was a man with flesh and blood and therefore no different from other humans (Hengel, 1989). According to Jewish beliefs, crucified persons were not supposed to remain on the cross on the Sabbath day, which is equivalent to Saturday on the Gregorian calendar, and therefore it had been ordered that all the people crucified together with Jesus had to have their legs broken so as to ensure that they died on that very day. It is important to note that while hanging on the cross, the crucified persons had a chance of prolonging their death by supporting themselves with the legs thus reducing muscle tension created by the force of gravity. However, when it was the turn for Jesus to have his legs broken, the guard realized that he was already dead but to be sure, he pierced him on the chest with a spear (Hewitt, 1932). The crucifixion of Jesus also makes it clear that the Romans crucified their victims without their clothes on. To

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas A. Khun Essay Example for Free

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas A. Khun Essay In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas A. Khun argues that scientific progress is not a matter of the slow, steady accumulation of knowledge over time but, rather, that it is characterized by long-standing beliefs about the world being radically overturned by the discovery of new information that fails to conform to existing frameworks. He also argues that the nature of the progress of science tends to be mischaracterized in textbooks and in educational practices, which typically cast the progress of science as a cumulative acquisition of knowledge where one breakthrough follows logically from the last.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the essay, Khun uses the term â€Å"paradigm† to describe what science at large currently holds to be true about nature. The definition of a paradigm is a temporal one subject to change and any given paradigm only survives so long as it is useful to the working scientist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"These [paradigms] I take to be universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners† (p. ix), he states in the book’s foreword.   This   definition of a scientific paradigm is essential to Khun’s reasoning. Kuhn goes on to deconstruct the process by which revolutions take place, how they are generally brought to be accepted and how they influence the work and attitudes of the scientists that work within their parameters. For Kuhn, a revolution in paradigm equals a revolution in science.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The paradigm is central to the work of what Khun calls â€Å"normal science†   which he defines as â€Å"†¦firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice. (p. 10)† This is the stuff of text books, the academy and what forms the majority of scientific research. Much of normal science concerns itself with fitting what information is gathered by practitioners into the predefined â€Å"box† provided by the current paradigm. Described by the author as â€Å"mopping up† operations, these endeavors occupy the working lives of most scientist. Practitioners of normal science are not concerned with the discovery of new information that fails to fit the existing paradigm (p. 24).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the workplace, the word â€Å"paradigm† has taken on a much less structured definition than that used by Kuhn. A paradigm may well describe a current consensus of scientific thought and practice or it might describe a series of results expected of the practitioner by they who fund the experiments. It could describe a corporate paradigm—a word that corporations do not hesitate to use and stretch to the point of nonsense-that serves as a working model for how the business at hand ought to be carried out. The use of the word paradigm in the workplace differs significantly from Khun’s. Where Kuhn is careful to offer a clear, concise definition of the term, in the casual language of the workplace a â€Å"paradigm† can refer to almost anything that serves as a model from which something is expanded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of the evolution of science is   a story of one paradigm being replaced by another. For a new paradigm to emerge, it must be so compelling and so better-suited to explaining the observed universe that it draws scientists away from the old paradigm which preceded it. It also must leave enough to be discovered that those who engage in research are compelled to embrace the new paradigm (p. 10). Once the new paradigm becomes the establishment view, the work of normal science becomes concerned with refining the empirical research that necessitated the creation of the new paradigm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The work of gathering factual information about the universe and the influence of the current paradigm on that gathering is a defining characteristic of normal science. Kuhn breaks the process of fact gathering into three distinct categories: the gathering of facts that the paradigm shows to be particularly revealing; the gathering of facts that can be compared to the predictions of the theory; and, the gathering of facts which allow the resolution of ambiguities in the existing paradigm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first type of fact gathering often concerns itself with refining data to a greater degree of accuracy than was previously possible. The accuracy of the data scientists are able to gather using a refractor telescope   is far exceeded by the accuracy of the information they are able to gather with a radio telescope. The pursuit of such refinements takes up a great deal of the resources of normal science. It is precisely because the existing paradigm holds that the accuracy of data describing the position and movement of stellar objects is of the utmost importance that resources are committed to such pursuits. In the field of normal science, a practitioner may become regarded as particularly accomplished through these endeavors. As Kuhn puts it: From Tycho Brahe to E.O. Lawrence, some scientists have acquired great reputations, not from any novelty of their discoveries, but from the precision, reliability, and scope of the methods they developed for the redetermination of a previously known sort of fact . (p. 26) In this instance, normal science seeks not to innovate, but to refine the means by which the paradigm is validated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also imperative for the paradigm to more accurately make useful predictions and a second focus of normal science concerns itself with this. To this end, specialized equipment is created that allows more precise measurements of natural phenomena which serves to bring data more in line with the predictions of the paradigm. In these cases, the paradigm not only dictates the question, but the methodology by which the answer is to be obtained. The existence of the paradigm sets the problem to be solved; often the paradigm theory is implicated directly in the design of the apparatus able to solve the problem (p. 27).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Kuhn sees it, the machinery, method and the question itself all owe their design, and the nature of their application, to the paradigm they are intended to investigate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kuhn’s third class of fact-gathering endeavors concerns itself with further refining the paradigm itself.   This is the most important class of fact-gathering in normal science (p. 27) and Kuhn divides it into subtypes, being those which seek to establish a mathematical constant, those which aim toward the creation of qualitative laws and those which aim to articulate a paradigm in ways that describe phenomena closely-related to those which the paradigm was originally designed to describe. He describes this third class of data-gathering activities as more closely resembling exploration than the others (p. 29).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kuhn observes that normal science finds itself with a lot of mopping up to be done on behalf of the paradigm. Mopping up can be understood as the work necessary to make findings fit the paradigm.   Mopping up can also be understood by what it does not endeavor to do. Normal science, in its mop up efforts, does not strive to find anomalies and novelties that do not fit within the relevant paradigm, nor does it tend to pay much attention to those anomalies it does discover. Normal scientists don’t concern themselves with inventing new paradigms nor are they particularly tolerant of those who do (p. 24).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While this could be interpreted as an excessively narrow, almost dogmatic, situation, Kuhn holds that such experimentation facilitates advancement within the paradigm and, thus, the advancement of science as a whole. Even though the work may be being done in the service of the paradigm more than in the interest of novel discovery, it still serves a useful purpose. As in many other instances in the book, Kuhn gives an historical example to shore up his argument. †¦ the men who designed the experiments that were to distinguish between the various theories of heating by compression were generally the same men who had made up the versions being compared. They were working both with fact and with theory , and their work produced not simply new information but a more precise paradigm, obtained by the elimination of ambiguities that the original from which they worked had retained(p. 34).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this way, normal science working under a paradigm does increase the accuracy and understanding of the natural world, however inflexible the basis for that work may be. An element of normal science that Khun finds characteristic is that it contains an aspect of   Ã¢â‚¬Å"puzzle-solving†(p. 36).   Puzzles are a category of problems that require one to think creatively to find a solution. What makes puzzles particularly relevant is that there is only one correct answer to the puzzle. While a puzzle-solver may find a novel way to fit together the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, it would be judged as wrong if that novelty did not result in the picture offered as the correct solution. Similarly, much of normal science concerns itself with finding answers which are known in advance of whatever effort is made to find them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A practitioner of normal science seldom sets out to conduct an experiment for which he does not already suspect he has the result. The power of the paradigm is to make those predictions accurately and the lure of the puzzle is that it presents a problem where the skill of the scientist can be ascertained by their ability to find answers that may have eluded previous researchers (p. 38). There is a certain addictive property in this, to be sure, particularly to those with the sort of curiosity-driven personality that lends itself to the practice of science.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã¢â‚¬Å"There must also be rules that limit both the nature of acceptable solutions and the steps by which they are to be obtained† (p. 38) .   Again, the box with all its rigidity serves to paradoxically advance understanding the universe through its restrictions. There must be expectations for without expectations there is no way to define what is anomalous; no way to determine what is novel. Kuhn uses the example of a machine that measures wavelengths of light. The machine’s designer must demonstrate that they are, indeed, measuring the wavelengths of light as they are understood by current theory. Any unexplained anomalies that fail to fit with what is expected are likely to be seen as a flaw in the design of the experiment that renders its findings essentially useless (p. 39).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is an obvious workplace connection to Kuhn’s description of how a paradigm functions to at once restrict and advance science. Were an anomaly to become commonplace enough that it merited investigation, then perhaps resources and time will be allocated to that pursuit. However, the tendency of normal science being to ignore or suppress anomalous findings, it is more likely that those anomalies will be disregarded altogether for cause of their adding nothing to the existing paradigm under which the scientists, and thus the workplace, operate. But, in cases where those anomalies cannot be ignored, where they are not truly anomalous but, rather, repeatedly-observed novel facts, the seeds for innovation are sewn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A novel discovery can shatter a scientific paradigm and bring about changes that could have never been expected. â€Å"After they [novelties] have become parts of science, the enterprise, at least of those specialists in whose particular field the novelties lie, is never quite the same again† (p.52)   .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For a discovery to be truly novel, it must satisfy two criteria: it must not be predicted by the current paradigm and it must be something for which the scientist was not prepared. When this situation occurs, the paradigm cannot simply be added to in order to explain the novelty. The scientist must â€Å"learn to see nature in a different way† (p. 53) before the fact becomes a scientific fact.   Seeing nature in a different way, however, presents a crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the anomaly, upon investigation, becomes recurrent, a process starts where it becomes clear the that the paradigm must change. This cause a great deal of anxiety in the scientific community as a paradigm shift inevitably means that the techniques and foundations of science need rewritten. Kuhn remarks: â€Å"As one might expect, that insecurity is generated by the persistent failure of the puzzles of normal science to come out as they should. Failure of existing rules is the prelude to a search for new ones† (p. 68). This is an important observation for the practicing scientist. While it is easy enough to regard anomalies as a failure of equipment design or of the practitioner, keeping one’s mind open to the possibility that a novel, and potentially important, phenomena has been observed is imperative to the progress of science. Further study within the paradigm may serve to identify the anomalous as the norm and thereby advance the paradigm as a whole. The study of the anomalies within the paradigm is, perhaps ironically, the best way to advance the paradigm itself. â€Å"So long as the tools a paradigm supplies continue to prove capable of solving the problems it defines, science moves fastest and penetrates most deeply through confident employment of those tools† (p. 76).   Khun regards the crisis as an opportunity. â€Å"The significance of crises is the indication they provide that an occasion for retooling has arrived† (p. 76) . Now that the crisis is at hand, what remains to be seen is how the scientific community will act toward it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It may seem that Kuhn is sometimes disparaging toward science for its rather strict adherence to its guiding paradigms. However, there are counterinstances to any paradigm that occur in most any research and, therefore, any research presents crisis (p. 81). Normal science does well to be pragmatic in the face of anomalous data, if only for the sake of saving time and money that can be directed toward more useful research. Scientists generally do not line up to renounce their existing paradigm in the face of anomalies.   Even persistent anomalies that cannot be explained by a mistake do not generally present a crisis (p. 81). Oftentimes, continued work within the existing paradigm will serve to resolve the anomalies. Sometimes these counterinstances are set aside to be resolved later if they prove not particularly disruptive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The process of a paradigm being rewritten has its own historical pattern. â€Å"All crises begin with the blurring of a paradigm and the consequent loosening of the rules for normal research† (p. 84) . When this occurs, science returns to a state similar to that which existed before the creation of the paradigm now in question. There is ambiguity, the opportunity for innovation and creativity but within a small, clearly defined area. This situation, however, is where revolution is fermented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The construction of the new paradigm is not a slow, cumulative process, it is a complete â€Å"reconstruction of the field from new fundamentals† (p. 85). There will be a period where both paradigms are used to solve problems but the difference between the means by which the problem is solved will be decidedly different in each model. The process of redefining the paradigm is part of extraordinary science. When scientists are confronted with crises, they react by embracing different attitudes toward the existing paradigm. The proliferation of competing articulations, the willingness to try anything, the expression of explicit discontent, the recourse to philosophy and to debate of fundamentals, all these are symptoms of a transition from normal to extraordinary research (p. 91).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After setting up the playing field, Kuhn begins to describe the actual process by which a revolution takes place. He references the nature of political revolution as a parallel. â€Å"Political revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense, often restricted to a segment of the political community, that existing institutions have ceased adequately to meet the problems posed by an environment that they have in part created† (p. 92) . Possibly more than in any other part of the essay, Kuhn start to flex his intellectual power in this chapter. He uses as one example of the parallel the discovery of the X-ray. For most astronomers, x-rays presented no real problem and were easily enough assimilated into their existing paradigm. For a particular group of scientists, however, specifically those who worked with radiation theory or whose work involved the use of cathode ray tubes, x-rays violated the laws of the paradigm under which they worked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like a political revolution, the new paradigm seeks to replace the old in part because the old paradigm does not allow for the existence of the new. They are not compatible in the same way that ruler by a hereditary monarch was not compatible with the new paradigm of representative democracy that characterized the American revolution. For there to be a need for a new paradigm, the old must be logically incapable of providing an explanation for the anomaly, or anomalies, that served as the impetus for its being questioned.    It follows that the new paradigm must make predictions that are inherently different from those of its predecessor (p. 97). For the new to come into its own, parts of the old must be sacrificed (p. 93). As the crisis deepens, competing camps vie for relevance, each offering its own solution to the problem at hand. They each attract their adherence and the auspices of the old paradigm are no longer sufficient to unite the divided camps. As is the case with political revolutions, there is a freewheeling period where there is no clear authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The debate between the new paradigms is essential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each one lures adherents with its promises of usefulness and its vision of life under the new paradigm.   Scientists do not leave their paradigms easily. In fact, rather than being left out in the cold, most scientists will not reject their existing paradigm until a viable alternative is offered (p. 77).   Kuhn holds that the study of persuasive argument is as important as the study of logical and reasoned argument in periods during which practitioners are undertaking the process of finding a viable alternative to a no-longer adequate paradigm (p. 94).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kuhn holds that scientific revolutions invariably resolve with the world view of the scientific community having been forever changed (p. 111). What was once familiar is now new, what was once established as accurate is now proven to be something less than that by the new paradigm. Paradoxically, the new perception depends upon the new paradigm just as the old mode of seeing the world depended upon adherence to the discarded paradigm. Without a point of reference, the world becomes incoherent. Where scientific revolutions are concerned, there may be a shift in paradigm but there is always a paradigm, whether it be contemporary or past its relevance. As Kuhn argues in previous chapters, it is from this structure that innovation flows and, therefore, the constant presence of a paradigm is not necessarily a failing on the part of science.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the world of science may have been turned on its ear, one is unlikely to ever get this impression from textbooks and courses. The paradigm, once established, becomes victim to what Khun calls the â€Å"invisibility† of scientific revolutions. This could be seen as a true weakness in the scientific community. Like those that ferment and enable political revolutions, scientists tend to rewrite history in such a way that omits the conflict, controversy and creativity that led to the revolution that gave birth to the current paradigm. †¦scientists are more affected by the temptation to rewrite history, partly because the results of scientific research show no obvious dependence upon the historical context of the inquiry, and partly because, expect during crisis and revolution, the scientist’s contemporary position seems so secure (p. 138).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, this remarkable history of revolution in thought, in practice and in humankind’s knowledge of the universe is glossed over in textbooks. The revolutions that once turned the world on its ear, at least for scientists, become the realm of normal science and the practitioners go back to mopping up reality to make it conform to the predictions of the new paradigm just as they did in the service of the old. Kuhn makes his case mostly by citing textbooks as an example of how history is rewritten but, since text books are the tool of the trade where the teaching of science is concerned, the significance is obvious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the way in which the paradigm is regarded has its advantages. †¦once the acceptance of a common paradigm has freed the scientific community from the need constantly [sic] re-examine its first principles, the members of that community can concentrate exclusively upon the subtlest and most esoteric of the phenomena that concern it. Inevitably, that does increase both the effectiveness and the efficiency with which the group as a while solves new problems (p. 164) . Here, again, is the theme of the â€Å"box† of the paradigm allowing scientists to explore beyond its limits. The efficiency with which scientists can work under a shared paradigm and the reliable set of tools with which it provides them are priceless. Perhaps, this is the reason the scientific community works so hard to preserve whatever paradigm is relevant at the time; it is not the fear of the new but the fear of the loss of what has proven itself valuable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is interesting about Kuhn’s essay is that he does not use the word â€Å"truth†-excepting in a quotation from Francis Bacon—a fact that he point out himself (p. 170). Kuhn holds that there may not be a need for any such lofty goal. â€Å"Can we not account for both science’s existence and its success in term of evolution from the community’s state of knowledge at any given time?† (p. 171)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is a powerful idea. Perhaps, a better understanding of the universe is not a goal but a thing better defined-and accomplished-if it is understood to be an ongoing process. Kuhn also provides a powerful question for those who would regard, or characterize, science as a form of dogma: â€Å"Does it really help to imagine that there is some one full, objective, true account of nature and that the proper measure of scientific achievement is the extent to which it brings us closer to that ultimate goal?† (p. 171)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A poignant question, indeed. Is there an endpoint to science? Is there a point where there will be nothing left to learn, nothing left to explore and when the collected work of science will entail all that there is to know about the universe? If history is any indication, such a situation is unlikely. The story of science, and Kuhn argues this convincingly, can be seen as a continuing process without any particular goal in site. There may be the subset of goals toward which the practitioner of normal science works, but these are simple goals relating to the desired outcome for one experiment or another, not goals set for science as a whole. That is to say, to work toward a better understanding of the orbit of Jupiter is not to work toward anything so esoteric as a better understanding of the universe, it is to simply add to the ongoing process of scientific revolution by examining one subset of data within a paradigm. The value of Kuhn’s essay extends beyond what value it may have to practitioners of science. It provides a framework that can help anyone, scientist or not, understand the means by which science determines what is an accurate description of the natural world. Science currently finds itself challenged on many fronts for many reasons, most of them having little to do with science and a great deal to do with politics and theology. Kuhn’s essay provides a potent reply to the casting of science as dogmatic or religious in nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personally, I feel that this book is of the utmost value to anyone engaged in the practice of science at any level. What Kuhn manages to do in this essay is to communicate what amounts to an understanding of understanding itself. The scientific method has proven over and over again to be the most accurate means that humanity has devised to make sense of the universe. But science must strive to understand itself as much as it strives to understand the universe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The only sure protection against dogmatism is the acknowledgement that all theories are temporal, subject to unexpected and radical change and that they function to explain nature as it is currently understood. There is an important distinction between our current understanding of the universe, our paradigm, and the reality of the universe. Our understanding is always limited to the cumulative experiences of scientists past and present, which, along with those significant moments of revolution have provided the best means available to make accurate and useful predictions. The nature of science, however, is one of constant evolution. As Kuhn argues, this evolution is not a process remarkable for its consistency so much as it is a process remarkable for being punctuated by research and discoveries that cause huge leaps forward in understanding. A scientist who does not understand this may well find themselves consigned to a life of puzzle-solving exercises designed to confirm what is already known rather than experiencing what I would submit is the true passion-inducing aspect of science, the discovery of novel facts that turn the world of science upside down and test the limits of the scientific community’s ability to assimilate and understand those discoveries. Probably the most radical contrast between science and dogma is that science, in its best practice, never shies away from examining itself, its conclusions and the accuracy of the beliefs it encourages. It may not submit itself easily to such tests but it will given time and the impetus of novelty. Kuhn’s essay provides a means by which one might acquire much insight into the workings of science and the scientific community and it provides a celebration of the many crises that have pushed science, and therefore humanity, forward in thought and understanding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I find myself in agreement with Kuhn’s conclusions about the ways in which the scientific community reacts to and eventually assimilates novel discoveries. Science, indeed, has been forced to concede long-held beliefs about the universe in the presence of new evidence which did not fit with old paradigms. The case of the evolution of life, where scientists once worked mightily to ensure that there was some room for theology, is one such instance. In the face of Darwin’s observations, science was forced to accept a new paradigm where the nature of living organisms was changed not by providence but by the environments in which they lived. More importantly than Darwin’s impact on theological theories of evolution, or the lack thereof, however, was the concept that evolution was not a goal-driven process (p. 171). This conflicted not only with the theologians of Darwin’s time, but with the accepted scientific theories, the paradigm, of biology as well. No longer was the march of life seen as a march forward toward any particular destination. It had now been more accurately described as a process dictated by the situations of individual organisms rather than the result of some grand design. There was no particular better or worse aspect to the wildlife on the Galapagos evolving to fit the islands on which they lived, the modifications inherited by way of natural selection simply flowed from the natural environment and, given a different environment, they would change again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From that new paradigm and from the practitioners of normal science who worked and continue to work within it came modern medicine, agricultural practices and many, many more achievements that are directly traceable to the current paradigm where life is believed to have evolved into its present state over billions of years of slow, cumulative changes. Without the flexibility to change the existing paradigm, we may have found ourselves unavailed of the knowledge of the double-helix, the methods by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics and the roots of genetic disease. As Kuhn points out, a radical paradigm shift such as that started by Darwin is necessary for a scientific revolution but the work of those practicing normal science, the geneticist working in the lab, the geologist using the paradigm that explains how a layer of rock strata may be assigned a probable age, the physicist whose work allows for technology such as carbon dating, are all as necessary for the acquisition of a better and more accurate understanding of the universe as is the revolution itself. And, further, that paradigm-driven research is the usual means by which revolutions in the scientific paradigm come to pass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That puzzle-solving work of the normal scientist will always draw some to the practice of science. The allure of finding a solution, of one’s research becoming part of the evidence that defines the current scientific understanding of the universe is a powerful one and one that should be encouraged. Normal science may have its elements of drudgery and it could be characterized as only confirming what is already known but that would be inaccurate. Science forms theories based on facts. The power of science to constantly discover new facts about our universe has for a long time been a source of hope and inspiration to humanity as a whole. However, the work of better refining our understanding is of equal value. Science must keep an open mind while continuing to adhere to the paradigms that have provided the best answers. Kuhn’s observant, thoughtful and enlightening essay provides a means for practitioners to better understand the importance of both. References Kuhn, T. (1991). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd Ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.