Old Man And The Sea And Other Stories Essays - American Literature

Elderly person And The Sea And Other Stories English: Book Report: Hemingway's Old Man And The Sea July 03, 1998 English Old Man and the Sea This piece of the story has to do with Santiago against nature and the ocean. In this piece of the story, he goes out and battles nature as awful powers and perilous animals, among them, a marlin, sharks and craving. He begins the story in a little rowboat and moves out in an excursion to catch a fish after a long losing dash of eighty-four days. Sadly his companion must abandon him because of this issue and a more prominent power, his folks. Santiago must go out into the risk alone. For three unforgiving days and evenings he battles a fish of tremendous force. This is the second type of nature he should prevail. Prior in the story, the initial segment of nature is himself, for which he should fend off his appetite. This is a brutal piece of the story. He oversees however to get a couple of nibbles through flying fish and dolphin of which he might want to have salt on. This piece of the story recounts a cold and cruel ocean, that is, one that has worth and puzzle just as death and threat. It has business esteem just as the number of inhabitants in life in it. It is dim and deceptive however, and consistently there is a test. A comparative story tells about a lagoon with life called 'Cannery Road'. This piece of the story needs to manage figures of Christ. It principally manages Santiago just like a figure of Christ and different characters as props, that is, characters which complete the type of scriptural topics. On the day preceding he leaves when he awakens, Manolin, his partner, goes to his guide with food and drink. Likewise a point that may be acceptable is that he has had misfortune with his objective for an extraordinary timeframe and is certain it will work this time. Afterward, however, when Santiago needs him for the journey he decides to do, Manolin deserts him, in spite of the fact that he might not have needed to right now. In the novel Santiago happens upon a power greater than his boat, the marlin which misdirects him out far past his proposed reach. This is the place he begins to lose his quality against something which appears to be a more prominent power. Santiago has a battle of three days, which is significent in light of the three days in Easter, and keeps on battling on however his objective may not aquire anything. This is another thought through which Christ did, a battle to complete an objective despite the fact that it might mean certain demolition to himself. This may achieve only the fulfillment of doing this and furthermore has incredible dangers. At last he happens upon an excruciating involvement in his grasp which is in incredible torment and won't move. This is valuable in where Christ loses his physical self and has less to manage. On the third day, he recoups himself and comes back to his home despite the fact that his lone residual fortune was a wrecked dinghy, experience, and a destroyed marlin. What's more, in the last end, you can see him hauling the pole of his dinghy, a cross-like article, in his grasp. This story has a specific succession of occasions, first it has a tracker versus his prey. This tracker regards th e prey. All through the book it has this arrangement of occasions: experience, fight, destruction, and regard for the prey. This is Hemmingway's 'Code of Honor'. This piece of the novel has to do with connections between two characters. The first to talk about are Santiago and Manolin, Manolin being the little devotee of the elderly person named Santiago. Manolin is a little individual that follows Santiago and tunes in to his shrewdness. They treat each other hostile however for Manolin calls the Santiago 'elderly person' and he calls Manolin 'kid' which is by all accounts crazy. In that circumstance I would consider them two to go see a specialist. The following relationship to discuss

Education policies Essay

Instruction is so significant in some random society. Hence, it shapes a significant piece of any government’s plans. The plans that any administration wishes to actualize as respects their instruction framework is controlled by existing approaches. Elements which impact detailing of arrangements structure the topic of this conversation. For systematic introduction, the article is separated into three parts specifically the presentation, the primary body and end. The presentation gives meanings of key terms utilized in the article just as calculated casing work, the fundamental body diagrams and talks about central point which affected instruction arrangements in African nations in the wake of accomplishing their freedom and in conclusion the decision makes a synopsis of the paper. 1. 1 Statement of paper reason This exposition targets talking about the components which affected instruction approaches in African nations after their accomplishment of freedom. The article will plot these components and later give an itemized conversation of each factor. 1. 2 Definitions of terms In request to make this conversation important, it is basic that meanings of key terms that are included are finished. The key terms engaged with the conversation are instruction, arrangement and freedom. The meanings of the terms are as given underneath Education. As per the United Nations Education, Scientific and Culture Organization (1975:1), training is characterized as â€Å"organised and continued correspondence intended to realize learning† Thus instruction in this setting includes a deep rooted process by which an individual is consolidated into the gathering and made fit for carrying on in the manners expected by the general public for a person of a specific age, sex or status. Instruction can happen officially, non officially and casually. In any case, in this setting the accentuation is on formal training. Policy A arrangement is characterized as a conscious strategy which is set up to manage choices and accomplish proposed results. Strategies vary from rules or laws. Rules or laws are set up to propel or disallow certain practices while arrangements direct activities towards wanted objectives. This conversation, be that as it may, centers around training approaches. Bartlett and Burton (2012:134), characterize a training strategy as the â€Å"rafts of laws and activities that decide the shape and working of instructive frameworks at both national and neighborhood levels. In this manner, training arrangements provide guidance to the working of instruction framework. Autonomy This is characterized as the opportunity from being represented or controlled by another nation. African nations in this conversation procured the opportunity to administer themselves from pilgrim pole 1. 3 Conceptual Framework Blackmore (1999), states that there are three models of arrangement making specifically well known interest, announcement and appointment models. This conversation will allude to these three models in laying out and examining the variables which impacted training strategies in African nations subsequent to accomplishing their freedom. These models are examined in detail underneath. (a) Popular Participation Policy making model. (b) In this model, everyone is allowed a chance to add to the plan of arrangements. Individuals in African nations were offered chances to make recommendations on changes to make to the instruction framework. For instance, Zambia’s instructive changes of 1977. (c) Decree Policy Making Model In this model, the head of state makes professions on the bearing to be followed in given instruction framework. (d) Delegation Policy Making Model This includes designating a commission to survey the instruction arrangement of a given nation. For instance the Onide Commission was designated to survey the instruction arrangement of Kenya in 1963. Arrangements are made regarding the discoveries of the commission. Section TWO 2. 0 Main Body This section traces and talks about the central point that affected instruction arrangements in African nations in the wake of accomplishing autonomy. These variables are as given and talked about beneath. Instruction for Economic Development The thought given to training as a significant vehicle for monetary advancement is one of the variables which impacted training approaches in African nations in the wake of accomplishing autonomy. Interest in formal training was considered as a fundamental precondition for monetary development. African nations took in exercises from created nations that a high essential foundation of instruction was an impetus to fast monetary turn of events. There was a conviction among creating nations that the modernisation, industrialisation and abundance of created nations were the immediate result of their instructive frameworks. Coombs (1970) contends that during the 1960s training in creating nations was viewed as a kind of scholarly yeast which would age and change pre modern social orders by advancing information, aptitudes and mentalities which were ideal for monetary and social turn of events. In this way, instruction strategies in African nations after the accomplishment of autonomy were aimed at advancing training ace vision extension so as to accomplish important turn of events. Truth be told a contention is progressed by Anderson (1965), that examination of proof from major created nations, for example, Britain, France, United States of America and Russia that all in all terms, a sift hold male education pace of 40 percent was required before there be any huge remove from monetary turn of events. To this end, African nations coordinated their strategies on instruction subsequent to achieving freedom towards expanded access to training so as to arrive at the required sift hold of proficiency. In this way, during the 1950s and 1960s, request and plans for interest in formal instruction by African nations expanded. Instruction was respected to be an important weapon in accomplishing financial development. To this end quick quantitative extension of the training framework turned into the request for the day in recently free African nations. Labor Shortages. In the wake of achieving autonomy, African nations were gone up against with lack of labor in different parts of the economy. Because of this situation, they encountered financial stagnation. Labor deficiencies were vigorously felt in specialized and administrative fields. In this manner, training arrangements in most African nations were coordinated towards settling the labor deficiencies experienced. This circumstance was clear from what gotten in Kenya. As Eshiwani (1993:26), watches ‘’at autonomy in 1963, Kenya wound up with a high lack of talented labor to run the economy. So as to take care of this issue, a commission was selected to exhort the legislature on the definition and understanding of national instructive strategies. † Therefore, it tends to be expressed that labor arranging in recently autonomous nations of Africa provided a guidance to the definition of instruction approaches. Subsequently, the administrations of recently autonomous nations of Africa saw it fundamental to extend the training frameworks of their nations so as to deliver more alumni from the instruction framework that would fill the labor holes which were knowledgeable about different segments of the economy. Generally specialized and administrative occupations at autonomy in most African nations were involved by outsiders. In this manner, the point of most African governments was to decolonise the instruction frameworks, produce more yield from auxiliary and advanced education so labor to partake in national improvement could be figured it out. Fafunwa (1974), Contends that instruction advancement in African nations like Nigeria was treated as a national crisis for the explanation of controling labor deficiencies in vital zones of the economy. So as to meet the necessities of labor in different areas of the economy, the arrangements of African nations after freedom were aimed at expanding school enrolments, particularly at the post essential level. Quick development of optional and advanced education was considered as a pre imperative for supportable financial development. Improving instruction as a fundamental human right Newly free African nations were gone up against with an assignment of giving to each kid their fundamental, basic right to training. The benevolent training that should have been given should be applicable to the kid in their African setting. Hence, most recently African nations had monstrous capital and repetitive spending plans towards the financing of essential instruction for all. The arrangement of training particularly at basic level to residents of recently free African nations was incited by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights where instruction is revered as an essential human right. As Bishop (1989:1), hypothesizes, â€Å"Everyone has the privilege to instruction. Training will be free in any event in the basic and basic stages. Rudimentary training will be obligatory. Specialized and proficient instruction will be made commonly accessible and advanced education will be similarly available to all based on merit. †Therefore, from the previous, recently free African nations were constrained to give training particularly essential instruction on the grounds of human equity and value. The recently free African nations should consider essential training as the claim of each kid. This was because of the way that training was viewed as a successful method to give all kids paying little mind to sex or family foundation an equivalent beginning throughout everyday life. Moreover, the administration of recently autonomous African nations believed instruction to be the extraordinary equalizer that would assist with narrowing the wide incongruities which were clear in states of living in country and urban networks. Prior to the fulfillment of autonomy, instruction in most African nations was a save for the tip top. So as to address this, African pioneers rolled out radical improvements to their instruction frameworks to make the

Write a Book Review Quickly and Easily

Compose a Book Review Quickly and Easily Book Review Writing Your companions, family members, individual understudies, and others you know or don't realize will positively need to get familiar with your feeling about some book. You don't really need to state that you cherished it. Your undertaking is to be straightforward and reasonable making decisions about the nature of book composing, its plot and subject. Recollect that your perusers will utilize the data you give to choose if they need to peruse the chose book. On the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea how to compose a book audit, envision that your companion requests to give him a recommendation. You have to tell your companion on the off chance that it merits perusing some book. Follow the tips underneath to make the entire procedure simpler for you:The first sentences of your work ought to portray the point, subject, and plot of the book. Try not to go into such a large number of subtleties. Try not to retell the story. Try not to mention to the peruser what occurs at lo ng last. Keep the climate of inadequacy and make a baffling sense that will draw perusers consideration and make them read your audit. Presently the time has come to state what you enjoyed about the book and why. Offer your sentiments and impressions. Use proof from the book to legitimize your choices. Who was the character you preferred the most? What was the key occasion that you recalled from the book? Which scenes you accept were especially vivid? What were the most splendid emotions you encountered while perusing the story? Did you have an inclination that you were unable to quit understanding it? Presently you can say if there is anything you didn't care for about the book. Remember to give reasons. You should state why precisely you disdained the book and incorporate literary proof to help your cases. For instance, did you wish the finish of the story was progressively unmistakable and clear to the peruser? Did you feel that the creator was not exhaustive enough building up some character or scene? Did you notice that the occasions in the story were befuddled? Is it that you neglected to catch the shrouded message of the book? Sum up the key pointsWrap up your contention. Incorporate a few proposals for the perusers you accept will like the book. On the off chance that you don't suggest it, express your reasons. Be clear and legit. Be reasonable and objective. Are there any better choices for the individuals who love perusing? It is constantly a smart thought to rank the nature of the book you have audited. For instance, you can rank it as 6.5 out of 10. Your perusers will know promptly on the off chance that you like or aversion this story.

The Paper Talks About An Economic Analysis Of The Company - 275 Words

The Paper Talks About An Economic Analysis Of The Company (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionDateEconomicsCapital budgeting is a managerial planning process that is used to determine whether long term investments like new plants or machinery are worth the funding. This is achieved by forming different capitalization structure. The strategy adopted by the management in allocation of scarce resources to the huge capital investment is crucial in management planning. Capital budgeting seeks at increasing the value of the company by the wealth of the shareholders. Different project evaluation techniques are used to examine the viability of each project before deciding on which project to invest and which to forego. Some of the project appraisal techniques include payback period, net present value measure, profitability index, internal rate of return, accounting rate of return and annuity method. Microwavable frozen meals examples are Kashi and Lean Cuisine and offer diet solution to many busy individuals and are the leading producers of these types of foods (Aldred et al, 2012). All the companies have a similar trait of the product type, the nutritional value of the meals produced, and the products price. Recent research indicates that the two companies have been suffering from a decline in the market share thereby a reduction in the overall sales. A decline in sales has reduced the overall revenue made by the companies thereby affecting their annual cash flow. To avert this problem, the companies may be forced to change the approaches used in the sales department by selling their products on a competitive pricing model (Aldred et al, 2012).Lean cuisine producer, The Nestle Company, is experiencing a decline in the overall profit due to market contraction experienced in the industry. To avert this, the company started a new product that had natural ingredients and little preservatives. The contraction of the market in the industry has been attributed to the production of products that contain high levels of preservatives with little or no natural ingredients. Opting to produce more natural products will reduce the use of preservatives resulting to a fall in the cost of production. The strategy coupled with increased investment in the line of production of the brand will avert the detrimental effects on the market. The investment in the line of production will ensure that the customers who shied away from the previous product are reached and access the new product. When all these strategies are fully implemented, the companies will experience a performance boost and an increase in the profits.The two companies are predominant in the market and this indicates characteristics of a monopolistic market. It is therefore prudent to adopt different measures to increase the overall profit in the market. The strategies to be adopted include product differentiation. In order to maintain the current market share, strategic planning is essential in both companies. In the planning the management should seek to reduce the overall price, providing unique product different from the normal in the market and product differentiation. To ensure the success of the new product, the company should invest heavily in research and development plan. The product should be produced cheaply and at the same time offer maximum utility to the consumers. Reducing the cost of production should not in any way compromise on the quality of the product. Price reduction in monopolistic competition market may be detrimental to the firm due to the homogeneity of the products in the market. Managers should opt increasing the scope of product reach by distributing in many stores. This can also be achieved by massive investment in advertisement and creating product awareness. Lowering the price of low-calorie foods is a viable option for the firms without the financial muscles. (Chandon, Wansink, 2007). To assist in the case analysis, lets us the US foods market. There has been an increasing popularity in healthy menu, but th e people are not necessarily eating healthy foods. For example, despite the numerous efforts to campaign to eat healthy, there have been numerous cases of obese Americans. According to Chandon and Wansink (2007), from 1991 to 2001, obese adults proportion in the U.S increased from 23% to 31%. Consequently, increasing the prices of the low-calorie foods might cause diminished demand, irrespective of other control measures (Chandon, Wansink, 2007).Whenever companies do their business, they are always influenced by the government policies. The policies affect the business directly or indirectly on the production and employment. The impact of the policies is felt on the supply and prices of the products. when the prices are affected, there is an impact on the dietary patterns of the individuals. Cost of production is directly related to the cost of raw materials and the government taxes on production. These production costs directly relate to the retail prices that determine the respons e of the community due to price sensitivity characteristic of the customers thus influencing the consumers preferences. Though the changes in the production pattern, the impact may not be felt on the dietary choices of the individuals. These regulations include federal pricing, marketing orders and minimum quality standards usually carried out through extensive inspections. (Piketty, Ganser, 2014). The policies that the government formulates directly the types of production by the companies. The quality management, and production requirement may be affected by the policies. Setting standards for the product may increase the cost of production. When a company wants to bridge the gap between the expected sale and the projected amounts can be achieved by marketing orders. Quality management is a key role by the government and every business should seek at maintaining a favorable environment. The set quality fuels the businesses to constantly improve that can be achieved by research an d product development. This aspect then increases the cost of operations and capital investment which depicts the stability of the company. (Dobbs et al, 2010)Government involvement in ensuring the quality of low-calorie microwavable products is essential since the products are under highly regulated food processor. Food safety can only be assured by regulating the technology used. All the attempts by the government are aimed at protecting the public from manipulation. The packaging and branding of the products should ensure that the information available is clear and precise about the safety. Aggressive inspection by the government agencies in all the companies ensures fairness to all the parties involved. The regulation should ensure there is proper food handling techniques. Due to the increase in the companies offering microwavable products, there has been a price war. While the price war goes on, the government should be in the centre of all as the regulator to protect people fr om inferior products. With this fast growing sector, the Food Standards Agency has contributed significantly in governance by use of stringent policies and regulations. (Aldred et al, 2012). The government is involved in the production sector to ensure that companies conform to the set standards. Food security will be achieved by checking into the production techniques by firms. The government wants to protect the consumers from exploitation by the producers. All companies are required to give correct details regarding products and not to compromise on quality. (Chandon, Wansink, 2007)Many low-calories microwavable companies are experiencing fast growth and therefore there is need to adopt the use of technology. Some of the complexities include capital appraisal. The ever changing technology requires constant funding from the cash flows. In order to protect the company from losing revenue, it is prudent to utilize low capital technologies and at the same time maintaining the quality of the food. (Dobbs et al, 2010). The pricin...

A List of Some Medical Specialties - 1407 Words

GASTROENTEROLOGIST Gastroenterologist is also a sub-specialty of internal medicine .a gastroenterologist deals with digestive system problems. They diagnose and treat disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. †¢ ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) — a procedure to detect disorders in the ducts such as narrowing, gallstones, blockages, tumors and cysts. An ERCP combines the use of X-rays and endoscope — a long, flexible, lighted tube. The endoscope is advanced through the mouth and into the small bowel to view the common opening to the ducts from the liver and pancreas. A contrast material is injected into the ducts so they can be seen on X-rays. Additional instruments are used to remove stones and or other†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Schobers test tests the flexion of the lower back. †¢ Multiple joint inspection †¢ Musculoskeletal Examination o Screening Musculoskeletal Exam - a rapid assessment of structure and function o General Musculoskeletal Exam - a comprehensive assessment of joint inflammation o Regional Musculoskeletal Exam - focused assessments of structure, function and inflammation combined with special testing REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGIST A reproductive endocrinologist is a type of medical doctor who specializes in treating people with reproductive disorders. Many infertile couples choose to see a reproductive endocrinologist when deciding upon fertility treatments. It is a reproductive endocrinologists job to identify factors involved in your infertility and appropriate methods with which to treat these factors. A reproductive endocrinologist is trained to manage a number of different problems related to the reproductive system. Reproductive endocrinologists deal with: †¢ hormonal disorders †¢ menstrual problems †¢ infertility †¢ pregnancy loss †¢ sexual dysfunction †¢ menopause Treatments Reproductive endocrinologists can perform a wide variety of treatments for infertility. If you are facing infertility, your reproductive endocrinologistShow MoreRelatedMy Journey Of Clinical Medicine784 Words   |  4 PagesAs I walked onto the medical floor in a white coat, I experienced a flood of emotions and suddenly found myself travelling very quickly down memory straits. The joy of providing care to patients and families always hung on and the desire to practice medicine was never lost. Having invested time and effort getting to know myself better, I have come to a place where I am more certain than I have ever been of my deepest inner conviction of giving to the human course, the sustenance of life. 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Job Satisfaction as Well as How It Influence Job- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theJob Satisfaction as Well as How It Influence Job Turnover. Answer: Introduction The impacts of job pleasure on workers turnover are fundamental component towards the success of different organizations that operate in the global business community. Job satisfaction within a company can be achieved through several methods that are different in nature (Wickramasinghe, 2010). The major effects of job satisfaction on job turnover is essential to the society as it targets to find out different approaches that are essential in motivating employees to stay within an organization for long duration. Cases of job satisfaction help in reducing cases of resigning of employees to seek employment in different organizations. Therefore, the reason for this investigative paper is to investigate the connection between work fulfillment and the worker turnover. Content of Literature Review Definition Job pleasure Job pleasure refers to how satisfied a person becomes in regard to their assigned job. It is the pleasurable enthusiastic state from the evaluation of an individual occupation as accomplishing or encouraging the achievement of value of job by an individual (Poon, 2004). Job pleasure among employee in the operations shave become the driving force of different operations of organizations around the global marketplaces. Job turnover Intentions of turnover remain to be an individuals behavioral attitude to leave their place of work voluntarily. It is the choice made by most workers to terminate their commitment to working with a given organization without being fired by the management or receiving any interdiction notice. Cases of turnover within operations of organizations remain to be an exercise that makes operations to be company as they seek to recruit and employee new workers for replacement. Job Turnover in General Research There are several factors that lead to cases of job turnover that are more than the negative relationship with people in an organization and payment among other factors (Manish et al., 2008). Therefore, job turnover in most cases has persisted to be a significant concern in operations of most companies. There are several reasons why employee turnover remains to increase among activities of different business organizations. Some of these reasons comprise of increase charges of services, the decline in rates of production, reduction in the amount of revenue that a company earns, and poor management among other reasons (Chen et al., 2004). However, job satisfaction has the most significant impact on employee turnover in most companies around the global business community. Job Turnover (dependent Variable) in specific area of study Job turnover on operations of business corporations have been emphasized mainly in different research work since it has huge effects on job performance, firm performance, along with improved customers perception of high service leading to reduced cases of job turnover (Tian-Foreman, 2009). Job turnover in human resource has the critical influence on performance among employees as more top cases of satisfaction tends to mitigate intention of the employee willing to leave work voluntarily. Relationship of Job turnover (Dependent Variable) and job pleasure (Independent Variable) In general The present global competition in the marketplace, changing needs of targeted as well as esteem clients, the impact of technological advancements, along with globalization in the changing business settings, employment turnover with job satisfaction continue to be vital in operations of businesses. Lee et al., (2016) defined the job satisfaction as an extent to which an individual presents happiness with his job and devotes enthusiastically to carry out optimum level for the associated responsibility. For this, there should be work engagement and turnover intention between the management and employees to improve the job satisfaction. The supervisors should have lower turnover intention and higher work engagement with their subordinates. Every commitment of employee in the operation shave becomes the driving force of different organizations in international markets. Advantages of job satisfaction on operations of business corporations have been emphasized mainly in different research w ork since it has the positive effect on job performance, firm performance, along with improved customers perception of high service leading to reduced cases of job turnover. According to Tian-Foreman (2009), job satisfaction in human resource has the critical influence on job turnover among employees as more top cases of satisfaction tends to mitigate intention of the employee willing to leave work voluntarily. Therefore, commitment of employees to operations remains to reduce cases of turnover since it forms the general expression that improves positive attitudes of the structure of employees towards their actions. In a Specific area of study Maintaining proper interrelation among several stakeholders stays to be the critical aspect that determines the performance of the organization. As illustrated by Lee Li (2017), most investigations have reported that employee commitments are the mediating factor that exists between organizational practices along with job satisfaction in delivering necessary services to customers. There are several effects of job satisfaction on job satisfaction around operations of different business organizations. Huang et al., (2017), stated that job satisfaction has the huge impact on the reduction of cases of employee turnover since it ensures that only the right employees are recruited as well as retained in the operations of an organization. The positive impact of job satisfaction on the productivity of employees tends to justify the time and expenses involved with the creation of a pleasant working place that helps in reducing cases of job turnover among workers. Different factors that come w ith job satisfaction like reduced costs of operations increased production rates, and increased business profits decrease cases of job turnover among employees. Synthesis of the Literature Review Job satisfaction enhances the accountability of employees when they are recruited to support operations of a given business organization. The idea of making employees responsible makes them be able to feel satisfied with their job. Accordance to presentation by Poon (2004), relationships about employee turnover with job satisfaction with their jobs in different organizations have been the subject of a significant amount of empirical study, and still, there seems little agreement concerning the unexpected connections amid these two vital attitudes of employees. The need to understand such attitudes remains to be significant merely because they have the essential influence on the performance of the organization (Cheng et al., 2004). Hence, most employees feel more empowered when they are responsible for different operations. The idea of being responsible enables most employees to explore more empowered to affect the manner that they operate to attain the companies set objectives and mi ssion in every business setting. The improvement of employees commitments by ensuring that all their needs are met while they engage their energies to achieve companies objectives help in reducing cases of turnover. According to Huang Su (2016), job loyalty helps in providing that there is a mental state along with illustrated associations of workers with the organization for which they operate. Job loyalty increases the satisfaction of employees by influencing decisions of employees to remain with the organization for the long duration. Tian-Foreman (2009) reported that employee satisfaction positively correlated with the loyalty of workers to their organizations. Therefore, there exist constructive associations amid jobs satisfactions along with allegiance of employees that make them remain on working in a given organization for the extended period. According to study by Ramalho et al., (2018), creations of ideal practices that focus on supervisory backing affect intentions of employees turnover in different ways. Companies that have supervisors that encourage workers to attain company objective remain to be effective in ensuring that every issue that affects operations of workers are addressed in an ideal approach. Lee Li (2017) indicated that companies that forms physical along with psychological encouragement given by the employer who values the contribution of workers help in promoting their development. Organizations, where supervisors are not involved in an evaluation of employees performance, tend to remain to have declined in job satisfaction among employees and most employees always opt to resign or leave work without notice of the company managers. Critical Review It is evident that job satisfaction has huge impact on cases of employees turnover while they operate in different business corporations around the global community. Therefore, various companies need to concentrate on improving their operations to make employees satisfies with their jobs for them to concentrate on performing their duties without considering to resign from their operations. From the discussion, it is clear that job turnover primarily relies on the capacities of different management of companies in human resource departments to improve their job satisfaction among employees. Therefore, it is necessary for most companies to improve their operations on reinforcing the right behavior, engaging workers on the process of making decisions and developing supervisory support team to enhance job satisfaction among employees that in turn make employees stay in a given company without considering resigning from their operations. References Andrews C. M., Michele Kacmar, K., Kacmar, C. (2014). The mediational effect of regulatory focus on the relationships between mindfulness and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International, 19(5), 494-507. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-02-2014-0018 Chen, T., Chang, P., Yeh, C. (2004). A study of career needs, career development programs, job satisfaction and the turnover intentions of RD personnel. Career Development International, 9(4), 424-437. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13620430410544364 Huang, S., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Zhou, L. (2017). Job satisfaction and turnover intention in China. Chinese Management Studies, 11(4), 689-706. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-12-2016-0263 Huang, W., Su, C. (2016). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between job training satisfaction and turnover intentions. Industrial And Commercial Training, 48(1), 42-52. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-04-2015-0029 Lee Boxu, X., Li, W. (2017). The influence factors of job satisfaction and its relationship with turnover intention: Taking early-career employees as an example. Anales De Psicologa, 33(3), 697. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238551 Manish K., Hemang J., Ashish R., Sandeep S. (2018). Managerial support for development and turnover intention: Roles of organizational support, work engagement and job satisfaction, Journal Of Organizational Change Management, 31(1), 135-153. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-06-2017-0232 Poon, J. (2004). Effects of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Personnel Review, 33(3), 322-334. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480410528850 Ramalho Luz, C., Luiz de Paula, S., de Oliveira, L. (2018). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and their possible influences on intent to turnover. Revista De Gesto, 25(1), 84-101. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rege-12-2017-008 Tian?Foreman, W. (2009). Job satisfaction and turnover in the Chinese retail industry. Chinese Management Studies, 3(4), 356-378. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506140911007503 Wickramasinghe, V. (2010). Impact of time demands of work on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 3(3), 246-255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538291011093820

The Cinematic Signifier

Introduction Christian Metz was a very important film theorist who made a significant contribution to the art of cinema by his theories on cinema studies. He defines the cinematic signifier through a thorough analysis of the imaginary signifier. This is a broad topic that he set out to analyze in order to explain the elements that affect and greatly influence the art of cinema. He used a psychoanalytical approach to cinema studies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cinematic Signifier specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He explains it as an imaginary factor, which is meant to replace or account for the fact that there is an absence of elements. These elements are time and space which are made transparent by the imagination. In this topic, the main emphasize will be on desire as a necessity, spectator identification which focuses on semantics and identification with both the camera and the characters. The cinematic signifier is an imaginary element that is absent, but despite its lack, its realization is still evident. Desire as a commodity Metz analyses the cinematic signifier from the viewpoint of the Freudian aspect on desires. These desires he believes when incorporated together make a combined set of aspects that are different from other art forms. This element must be well understood before the cinematic signifier can be dwelt on. Desire for the ego He views the cinema signifier as perceptual. This is because it stimulates more senses than any other art form. The sense of sight is satisfied by the fact that it is a visual medium. Everything we see from the shots, actors, actions and scenes is visual. This is the biggest sense that cinema aims at satisfying as this can go a long way in ensuring ones cinematic experience has been realized. The sense of hearing is because of the fact that it relies on the aspect of sound. Sound has gone through various stages of evolution in relation to ci nema. This is from the silent era to the other periods that saw the necessity of other aspects of sound. Sound plays a crucial role in influencing perception. The incorporation of sound is in the dialogue, sound effects and choice of music. This is an advantage that cinema has over other art forms. It can simulate the senses as opposed to the different art forms that stimulate one sense e.g. Music relies on the sense of hearing whereas reading relies on sight.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An important difference between cinema and other art forms such as theatre or the opera is the time and place factor. Despite the fact that these art forms are also perceptual that is stimulating the same senses i.e. Visual and auditory such as cinema they take place within real space and time. The actions and dialogue are all performed in front of the audience at the same time the performanc e is taking place. In cinema, this is different as the actual content is recorded at a different time and location and then shown to the audience through a screen. The audience does not get to see what is unfolding at first hand. Cinema in a way can also stimulate the other three senses of smell, taste and touch. Taste can be brought out in the way the food is made to look. The use of things like colour, presentation and even the actions and words of a spectator can bring out this sense. Smell can be brought out through the words, actions and facial expressions of the characters. The sense of touch can be communicated to the spectator through how the surface looks i.e., if it is smooth or rough or through the words, actions and emotions of the spectators. Cinema can be used to bring out all these senses despite the fact that it is not happening in real space and time. He also argues that the perceived is not the reality but acts as a kind of mirror to it and this aspect is unique to it in comparison to the different field of arts. He uses the example of a child held up to a mirror in which the child comprehends his or herself as being held by the mother who he describes as â€Å"its object per excellence.†This leads to the child to perceive his or her identity, which makes the child to form an ego. The difference, however, between cinema and this deduction is that cinema is not an actual perception of the person. The viewers’ personal experience is not the centre of attention. The viewer instead relates to something different that is governed by aspects that in a way are close to reality. It is a mirror to a different reality. The second desire achieved through cinema is the desire to desire. This refers to the passion to perceive. Most art forms utilize this factor of distance. E.g. In music it is received at a distance in relation to where it was recorded and where it is heard, even in theatre the performance is at a distance from the audience. This element of distance is explored by these art forms, but what stands out is the element of lack.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cinematic Signifier specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since what is portrayed in the films is taken from real objects, which existed in a different time and space the spectator is still in a way removed from them. Despite the lack of the actual immediate experience, the spectator still gets to perceive what is contained in the final product hence still receiving the full experience. This desire is associated with voyeurism. The third desire is the desire for an object, which is satisfied by fetishism. This is in the fact that the audience knows what they are viewing is not real but they still want to watch it. That is why it is important to make the spectacle as real as possible through factors like the unfolding of events. They audience is aware that the characters, plot and s tory is fictional. They are aware that what they are seeing is not real but they knowingly filter out this factor so as perceive what is before them as real. (McCabe, 1974) He views the spectator as an artificial construct. This is because cinema can be used to bring out or make certain effects in the viewer such as causing some emotions in the spectator. The courses of renunciation as well as refutation are the procedures that are considered vital in the apprehension of the need. The film spectator exists in a state that is dreamlike. The spectator at one point believes that the story, plot and characters are real. This is still considered despite the fact that the spectator is fully aware that it is just a movie. This he attributes to disavowal. This he compares with fetishism and the castration anxiety of a child. Freud described disavowal as â€Å"a way of the subject refusing to acknowledge reality due to a traumatic event or other factors associated with it† (McCabe, 19 74, p.44). This explanation is on child development. When a child perceives that the mother does not have a penis, he gets a fear of being castrated. The child believes that at one time, the mother also had a penis but due to reasons that he cannot comprehend has lost it. This gives the boys a fear of castration. The boy will then develop a way of forgetting what he has seen to deal with the trauma, and this can lead to the development of a fetish to try to cover up the trauma.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This realization of a lack of in the child will make the child to develop two opinions. This factor is what Metz puts as the spectators ability to have two different experiences. In one the spectator knows that what he or she is seeing is fiction, while in the other case the spectator believes that what he or she sees on screen is real. Metz believes that for a good cinematic experience to be realized there must be back and forth shifting of consciousness and belief. Cinema as a technique of the imaginary Cinema has characteristics that are capitalistic and in line with the social industrialized epoch. The capitalistic aspect being that film relies on pictures and sounds this he describes as photography and the use of a phonograph. These he sums as the factors that are combined to lure ones ego and eventually end up satisfying ones desires. Cinema depends on key areas for its realization. These are the cinema industry, which is the recording of films to make profits, and the audienc es desire to watch movies. The second characteristic dwells on the necessity and aim of film, which is to satisfy the viewers’ desires. The cinema industry serves to finance a film as well as to research and modify various areas to satisfy the needs, taste and to bring something different to the spectators. This leads to the production of good films through the coordination and understanding between these sides hence making sure that the moviegoers continue to go to the cinema halls. The cinema writers, film historians, theorists and critics also contribute and influence a lot on cinema. Spectator identification with the camera The spectator identifies with the device that projects the image on the screen, which is the projector, the camera and lastly the screen. Metz stated, â€Å"The projector in context just duplicates the act of perception† (Metz, 1982, p.54). Vision has projective characteristics and characteristics that one acquires subconsciously, the spectator projects what he or she sees and then the data is translated back in a way that the spectator feels. Cinema just serves to duplicate this experience; the screen just records what is seen. Metz sums this up with the statement that the spectator is the projector receiving the information, the spectator is also the screen, and with the combination of these, the spectator is the camera, which is pointed and still recording. (Metz, 1982) Metz argues that the spectator identifies with the camera to a big extent. The spectator is in a way not in the screen but the fact that he or she is watching it and perceives it the cinematic signifier is realized. Spectators when watching a film become so focused in the film that they may not even be aware of themselves. This makes one identify with the camera completely. The cameras movements become the spectators’ movements. When the camera pans to the left, the spectator moves to the left and when it pans to the right so does the spectator. T he tracking shots also become the spectators’ movements and turns. Using different camera angles and movements, the spectator can be made to either be present or absent in the film. Spectator identification with the character Though the spectator knows what is unfolding before him or her is fictional, a feeling or form of connection is still made between the spectator and the character. The spectator connects with the character emotionally even when the character is not at the same place and time. The characters feelings become the spectators. The emotions shared become mutual between them. When the character is happy the viewer is also happy, when the character is sad the viewer also becomes sad and so on. This can only be realized through self-identification of the viewer first due to perception then after the spectator gets to identify with what is on the screen before identifying with the character (Lacan, 1989). Psychoanalysis, structure and the linguistic theory Metz ad opted a lot from the field of semiotics. He focused on how cinema can be used to signify or make the spectator to come up with meaning. The process of signifying depends on certain aspects which are mostly material signifiers these include images, words, titles, music in line with connotative and denotative meanings. He referred to the signifying practice as the way stories were told in movies. He evaluated cinematic equivalents that could be used to stand in for language and this made him to define codes that he believed worked in cinema. In order to understand text one has to break down these codes of signification or the meaning would be lost (Rushton, 2009). The different camera angles and shots also have various meanings, as a shot can serve to communicate meaning to the viewer, whether they know it or not. E.g. a close up can be used to highlight an important element that is being focused on in the film (Lapsey, 1989). Metz states that the analysis of cinema from a linguistic or semiotic angle is possible as it can be used to communicate. However, He maintained that in the language of cinema there is no intercommunication. There is uni-articulation and it is a replication of reality as opposed to the unmotivated arbitrary relationship between the signifier and the signified. The language of cinema comprises of both words and other smaller units. The smaller units are meant to bring meaning to the overall message or signification. Lapsey stated, â€Å"The narrative syntax is divided into eight parts ranging from the smallest segment to the largest part, which is the sequence† (Lapsey, 1989, p.37). Dreams and Fantasy This is focused upon in line with desire because although a spectator should always perceive the difference between a film, and dream, daydream and fantasy this aspect is important as through this desire the cinematic signifier is realized. Conclusion The imaginary signifier is what Christian Metz used in the understanding of the cinema tic signifier. He stresses on points such as identification, perception, lack and other factors in the understanding of the cinematic signifier. He describes and analyses the need for the element of desire as an important aspect in cinema. He focuses on the three types of desires. The first one is the desire for the ego, which is perceptual and is analyzed from the viewpoint of the characteristic of cinema of satisfying the sense of sight and hearing at the same time. The second desire he dwells on is the desire to desire. This is when the spectator overlooks the fact that there is the element of lack in the film and instead just enjoys it. The third is the desire for an object. The spectator experiences this through the fact that despite he or she knows that what is being viewed is not true in a way he or she still gets to enjoy it and perceive in some instances as if it is true. The role of the film industry as a whole makes a big contribution to cinema. The spectator gets to iden tify with both the camera as a medium and the characters on screen largely. Cinema relies on the use of signs; different things are put in a scene to mean different things. The use of semiotics has been used and is evident through the careful analysis of the titles, words etc. The absence of time and space is an important aspect in the study of the cinematic signifier. The cinematic signifier is a key element in the study of cinema. References Lacan, J 1989, Ecrits: a selection, Routledge, London. Lapsey, R 1989, Psychoanalysis in film theory: an introduction, Manchester University Press, Manchester. McCabe, C 1974, From realism and cinema, Longman , New York. Metz, C 1982, The imaginery signifier, Macmillan, London. Rushton, R 2009, Film, theory and philosophy, Acumen, Durham. 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